What is less-lethal technology?
Less-lethal technology devices serve to minimize the risk of death and injury to public safety offic... Read More
Last Updated: May 29, 2008

How many deaths have occurred as a result of law enforcement's use of pepper spray?
A study of deaths from the use of oleoresin capsicum was conducted with grant money supplied by the ... Read More
Last Updated: May 29, 2008

Have studies been conducted on the use of pepper spray by law enforcement?
Evaluations on the use of pepper spray by law enforcement are available in the National Institute of... Read More
Last Updated: May 29, 2008

Less Lethal Weapon Effectiveness, Use of Force, and Suspect & Officer Injuries: A Five-Year Analysis,  NIJ-Sponsored, 2008, NCJ 224081. (104 pages).
PDF  NCJRS Abstract   

Electronic Control Devices: Legal Aspects Overview,  NIJ-Sponsored, October 2007, NCJ 220991. (3 pages).
HTML  NCJRS Abstract 

Arrest-Related Deaths in the United States, 2003-2005,  BJS, October 2007, NCJ 219534. (22 pages).
Agency Abstract   PDF  TEXT  NCJRS Abstract   

Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2005,  BJS, April 2007, NCJ 215243. (14 pages).
Agency Abstract   PDF  TEXT  NCJRS Abstract   

Police Responses to Officer-Involved Shootings,  NIJ, January 2006, NCJ 212266. (4 pages).
HTML  NCJRS Abstract 

Citizen Complaints About Police Use of Force,  BJS, June 2006, NCJ 210296. (8 pages).
Agency Abstract   PDF  TEXT  NCJRS Abstract   

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS): State and Local Law Enforcement Statistics
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/sandlle.htm