The need for ongoing and up-to-date information on the availability, prevalence, and consequences of illicit drugs and drug use in this country is vital to the development, implementation, and maintenance of an effective national drug control strategy. In 1994 the U.S. Congress passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (hereafter referred to as the Crime Control Act). The Act provided legislative reauthorization for the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) and, more importantly, extended ONDCP's mission to include budget and resource powers related to formulating and implementing the President's National Drug Control Strategy. This new authority allows ONDCP to participate in the agency budget process to help ensure that agencies strive to achieve the priorities, goals, and objectives of the Strategy.

The Crime Control Act outlines a number of reporting requirements for ONDCP related to these agency activities. Specifically, ONDCP's reporting requirements include responsibilities in the following areas:

• Assessing the reduction of drug use, including estimating drug prevalence and frequency of use, as measured by national, State, and local surveys and other special studies of the following:



• High-risk populations, including those who drop out of school, homeless and transient people, arrestees, parolees, probationers, and juvenile delinquents; and



• Drug use in the workplace, including productivity lost;



• Assessing the reduction of drug availability, as measured by the following:



• The quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana available for consumption in the United States;



• The amount of cocaine and heroin entering the United States;



• The number of hectares of poppy and coca cultivated and destroyed;



• The number of metric tons of heroin and cocaine seized;



• The number of cocaine-processing labs destroyed;



• Changes in the price and purity of heroin and cocaine; and



• The amount and type of controlled substances diverted from legitimate retail and wholesale sources;



• Assessing the reduction of the consequences of illicit drug use and availability, which include estimating the following:



• Burdens that drug users place on hospital emergency rooms, such as quantity of drug-related services;



• The annual national health care costs of illicit drug use, including costs associated with people becoming infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and other communicable diseases;



• The extent of drug-related crime and criminal activity; and



• The contribution of illicit drugs to the underground economy, as measured by the retail value of drugs sold in the United States;



• Determining the status of drug treatment in the United States by assessing the following:



• Public and private treatment capacities within each State, including the number of drug treatment slots available in relation to the number of slots actually used and the number intravenous drug users and pregnant women;



• The extent within each State to which treatment is available to and in demand by intravenous drug users and pregnant women;



• The number of drug users the Director estimates could benefit from drug treatment; and



• The success of drug treatment programs, including assessing the effectiveness of the mechanisms in place federally and within each State to determine the relative quality of treatment programs, the qualifications of treatment personnel, and the mechanism by which patients are admitted to the most appropriate and cost-effective treatment setting.

The tables presented in this appendix contain the most current drug-related data on the areas required by the Crime Control Act to be assessed by ONDCP.

DATA SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS

The following sections provide brief descriptions of the major data sources used to develop this appendix.

What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs Report
(Source for Tables 1, 3, and 19)

This report estimates total U.S. expenditures on illicit drugs based on available drug supply and demand data. Data are provided on estimated numbers of users, yearly and weekly expenditures for drugs, trends in drug supply, and retail prices of drugs. The report was written for ONDCP by Abt Associates, Inc., in 1993 and was updated by Abt in 1995.

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Source for Table 2)

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) measures the prevalence of drug and alcohol use among household members ages 12 and older. Topics include drug use, health, and demographics. In 1991 the NHSDA was expanded to include college students in dormitories, persons living in homeless shelters, and persons living on military bases. The NHSDA was administered by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) from 1973 through 1991; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has administered the survey since 1992.

Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of theLifestyles and Values of Youth (Source for Tables 4 and 5)

Often referred to as the "High School Senior Survey," the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study provides information on drug use trends as well as changes in values, behaviors, and lifestyle orientations of American youth. The study examines drug-related issues, including recency of drug use, perceived harmfulness of drugs, disapproval of drug use, and perceived availability of drugs. Although the focus of the MTF study has been high school seniors and graduates who complete followup surveys, 8th and 10th graders were added to the study sample in 1991. The study has been conducted under a grant from NIDA by the University of Michigan since 1975.

PRIDE USA Survey (Source for Table 6)

The National Parents Resource Institute for Drug Education (PRIDE) conducts an annual survey of drug use by junior high and high school students. The PRIDE survey collects data from students in 6th through 12th grades and is conducted between September and June of a school year. Participating schools are sent the questionnaires with detailed instructions for administering the anonymous, self-report instrument. Schools participate on a voluntary basis or in compliance with a school or State request.

Drug Use Forecasting Program (Source for Tables 7 and 8)

The National Institute of Justice established the DUF program in 1987 to provide an objective assessment of the drug problem among those arrested and charged with crimes. On a quarterly basis, samples of arrestees in 24 cities across the United States are interviewed and asked to provide urine specimens that are tested for evidence of drug use. Urinalysis results can be matched to arrestee characteristics to help monitor trends in drug use. The sample size of the data set varies to some extent from site to site. Generally, each site collects quarterly data from 200 to 250 adult male arrestees, 100 to 150 female arrestees, 100 to 150 juvenile male arrestees (at 12 sites), and a smaller sample of female juvenile arrestees (at 8 sites).

Current Population Survey (Source for Table 9)

As mandated by the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 2, the U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted a census every 10 years since 1790. The primary purpose of the Census is to provide population counts needed to apportion seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and subsequently determine State legislative district boundaries. The information collected also provides insight on population size and a broad range of demographic background information on the population living in each geographic area. The individual information in the Census is grouped together into statistical totals. Information such as the number of persons in a given area, their ages, educational background, and the characteristics of their housing enable Government, business, and industry to plan more effectively.

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Source for Table 10)

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a component of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The YRBSS currently has the following three complementary components: (1) national school-based surveys, (2) State and local school-based surveys, and (3) a national household-based survey. Each of these components provides unique information about various subpopulations of adolescents in the United States. The school-based survey was first conducted in 1990, and the household-based survey was initiated in 1992. The school-based survey will be conducted biennially in odd-numbered years throughout the decade among national probability samples of 9th throught 12th graders from public and private schools. Schools with a large proportion of black and Hispanic students will be oversampled to provide stable estimates for these subgroups. The 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Supplement was administered to one in-school youth and up to two out-of-school youth in each family selected for the National Health Interview Survey. In 1992, 10,645 youth ages 12 to 21 were included in the YRBS sample. The purpose of the supplement was to provide information on a broader base of youth, including those not currently attending school, than usually is obtained with surveys and to obtain accurate information on the demographic characteristics of the household in which the youth reside.

The Monetary Value of Saving a High-Risk Youth (Source for Tables 11 and 12)

Based on estimates of the social costs associated with the typical career criminal, the typical drug user, and the typical high school dropout, this study calculates the average monetary value of saving a high-risk youth. The base data for establishing the estimates are derived from other studies and official crime data that provide information on numbers and types of crimes committed by career criminals, as well as the costs associated with these crimes and with drug abuse and dropping out of school.

Drug Abuse Warning Network (Source for Table 13)

The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) provides data on drug-related emergency department episodes and medical examiner cases. DAWN assists national, State, and local drug policymakers to examine drug use patterns and trends and assess health hazards associated with drug abuse. Data are available on deaths and emergency department episodes by type of drug, reason for taking the drug, demographic characteristics of the user, and metropolitan area. NIDA maintained DAWN from 1972 through 1991; SAMHSA has maintained it since 1992.

Uniform Crime Reports (Source for Table 14)

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is a nationwide census of thousands of city, county, and State law enforcement agencies. The goal of the UCR is to count in a standardized manner the number of offenses, arrests, and clearances known to police. Each law enforcement agency voluntarily reports data on crimes. Data are reported for the following nine index offenses: murder and manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Data on drug arrests, including arrests for possession, sale, and manufacturing of drugs, are included in the database. Distributions of arrests for drug abuse violations by demographics and geographic areas also are available. UCR data have been collected since 1930; the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has collected data under a revised system since 1991.

Survey of Inmates of Local Jails (Source for Table 15)

The Survey of Inmates of Local Jails provides nationally representative data on inmates held in local jails, including those awaiting trials or transfers and those serving sentences. Survey topics include inmate characteristics, offense histories, drug use, and drug treatment. This survey has been conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) every 5 to 6 years since 1972.

Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities and Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (Source for Table 15)

The Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities (SIFCF) and Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF) provide comprehensive background data on inmates in Federal and State correctional facilities, based on confidential interviews with a sample of inmates. Topics include current offenses and sentences, criminal histories, family and personal backgrounds, gun possession and use, prior alcohol and drug treatment, and educational programs and other services provided in prison. The SIFCF and SISCF were sponsored jointly in 1991 by the BJS and the Bureau of Prisons and conducted by the Census Bureau. Similar surveys of State prison inmates were conducted in 1974, 1979, and 1986. National Prisoner Statistics Program (Source for Table 15)

The National Prisoner Statistics Program provides an advance count of Federal, State, and local prisoners immediately after the end of each calendar year, with a final count published by the BJS later in the year.

National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Unit Survey (Source for Tables 16 and 18)

The National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Unit Survey (NDATUS) is designed to measure the location, scope, and characteristics of drug abuse and alcoholism treatment facilities throughout the United States. The survey collects data on unit ownership, type and scope of services provided, sources of funding, staffing information, number of clients, treatment capacities, and utilization rates. For 1990 information on waiting lists also was collected. Data are reported for a point prevalence date in the fall of the year in which the survey is administered. Many questions focus on the 12 months prior to that date. The NDATUS has been administered jointly by NIDA and the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism since 1974.

National Drug Treatment Requirements (Source for Table 17)

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is mandated by Congress to report to the Office of Management and Budget on its goals for enrolling drug abusers in treatment facilities and the progress it has made in achieving those goals. HHS provides data on the estimated number of drug abusers; goals for treatment enrollment; estimated capacity of Federal, State, local, and private treatment facilities; number of available treatment slots; and number of people served.

System To Retrieve Information From Drug Evidence (Source for Table 20)

The System To Retrieve Information From Drug Evidence (STRIDE) compiles data on illegal substances purchased, seized, or acquired in U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigations. Data are gathered on the type of drug seized or bought, drug purity, location of confiscation, street price of the drug, and other characteristics. Data on drug exhibits from the FBI; the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia; and some exhibits submitted by other Federal, State, and local agencies also are included in STRIDE. STRIDE data have been compiled by DEA since 1971.

Federal-Wide Drug Seizure System (Source for Table 21)

The Federal-Wide Drug Seizure System (FDSS) is an online computerized system that stores information about drug seizures made within the jurisdiction of the United States by the DEA, the FBI, the U.S. Customs Service, and the U.S. Coast Guard. The FDSS database includes drug seizures by other Federal agencies (e.g., the Immigration and Naturalization Service) to the extent that custody of the drug evidence was transferred to one of the four agencies identified above. The database includes information from STRIDE, Customs Law Enforcement Activity Report, and the U.S. Coast Guard's Law Enforcement Information System. The FDSS has been maintained by the DEA since 1988.

International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Source for Table 22)

The International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) provides the President with information on the steps taken by the main illicit drug-producing and transmitting countries to prevent drug production, trafficking, and related money laundering during the previous year. The INCSR helps determine how cooperative a country has been in meeting legislative requirements in various narcotics control areas. Production estimates by source country also are provided. The INCSR has been prepared by the U.S. Department of State since 1989.

Tables 1 through 22 presented below display data from the major research sources used to monitor the progress of some of the goals and objectives of the National Drug Control Strategy.

DRUG USER EXPENDITURES

Table 1. Total U.S. expenditures on illicit drugs, 1988-93 (in billions of dollars)

Drug	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Cocaine	$41.9	$43.2	$39.5	$35.8	$33.7	$30.8
Heroin	11.7	12.0	10.8	8.6	7.3	7.1
Marijuana	8.9	9.0	9.6	9.0	10.1	9.0
Other drugs	3.2	2.8	2.3	2.4	2.2	1.8
Total	65.7	66.9	62.2	55.9	53.3	48.7

Note: Amounts are in constant 1994 dollars.

Source: Abt Associates Inc., What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 1988-93, Spring 1995.

DRUG USE

Table 2. Trends in selected drug use indicators, 1979-95 (in millions of users)

Selected Drug Use Indicators	1979	1982	1985	1988	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
Any illicit drug use1	25.4		23.3	15.2	13.5	13.7	12.0	12.3	12.6	12.8
Past month (current) cocaine use	4.7	4.5	5.7	3.1	1.7	2.0	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5
Occasional (less than monthly) cocaine use	na*	na	7.1	5.1	3.7	3.8	3.0	2.7	2.4	2.5
Frequent (weekly) cocaine use	na	na	0.8	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.6
Current marijuana use	23.8	21.5	18.6	12.4	10.9	10.4	9.7	9.6	10.1	9.8
Lifetime heroin use	2.3	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.5	2.4	1.7	2.1	2.1	2.5
Any adolescent illicit drug use1	4.1	2.8	3.2	1.9	1.6	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.8	2.4

*na = not applicable

¹ Data are for past month (current) use.

Note: Any illicit drug use includes use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, (except in 1982), heroin, or nonmedical use of sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, or analgesics. The exclusion of inhalants in 1982 is believed to have resulted in under estimates of any illicit use for that year, especially for adolescents.

Source: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse (1979-91), and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (1992-93).

Table 3. Estimated casual and heavy cocaine and heroin user populations, 1988-93

Cocaine and Heroin Use	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Cocaine
Casual users (use less often than weekly)	7,347,000	6,466,000	5,585,000	5,440,000	4,331,000	4,054,000
Heavy users (use at least weekly)	2,526,000	2,611,000	2,456,000	2,219,000	2,349,000	2,238,000
Heroin
Casual users (use less often than weekly)	539,000	504,000	470,000	368,000	290,000	229,000
Heavy users (use at least weekly)	601,000	616,000	542,000	474,000	452,000	500,000

Note: Data in this table are preliminary composite estimates derived from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) and the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program (see W. Rhodes "Synthetic Estimation Applied to the Prevalence of Drug Use," Journal of Drug Issues, 23(2):297-321, 1993 for a detailed description of the methodology). The NHSDA was not administered in 1989. Estimates for 1989 are the average for 1988 and 1989.

Source: Abt Associates Inc., What America's Users Spend on Illicit Drugs, 1988-93, Spring 1995.

Table 4. Trends in 30-day prevalence of selected drugs among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, 1991-96

	30-Day Prevalence
Selected drug/grade	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1995-96 Change
Marijuana/hashish
8th grade	3.2	3.7	5.1	7.8	9.1	11.3	+2.2 s
10th grade	8.7	8.1	10.9	15.8	17.2	20.4	3.2
12th grade	13.8	11.9	15.5	19.0	21.0	21.9	+0.7 s
Inhalants1, 2
8th grade	4.4	4.7	5.4	5.6	6.1	5.8	-0.3
10th grade	2.7	2.7	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.3	-0.2
12th grade	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.7	3.2	2.5	-0.7 s
Hallucinogens3
8th grade	0.8	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.7	1.9	+0.2
10th grade	1.6	1.8	1.9	2.4	3.3	2.8	-0.5
12th grade	2.2	2.1	2.7	3.1	4.4	3.5	-0.9 s
LSD
8th grade	0.6	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.4	1.5	+0.1
10th grade	1.5	1.6	1.6	2.0	3.0	2.4	-0.6 s
12th grade	1.9	2.0	2.4	2.6	4.0	2.5	-1.5 sss
Cocaine
8th grade	0.5	0.7	0.7	1.0	1.2	1.3	+0.1
10th grade	0.7	0.7	0.9	1.2	1.7	1.7	0.0
12th grade	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.8	2.0	+0.2
Stimulants
8th grade	2.6	3.3	3.6	3.6	4.2	4.6	+0.4
10th grade	3.3	3.6	4.3	4.5	5.3	5.5	+0.2
12th grade	3.2	2.8	3.7	4.0	4.0	4.1	+0.1
Alcohol (any use)4
8th grade	25.1	26.1	24.3	25.5	24.6	26.2	+1.8
10th grade	42.8	39.9	38.2	39.2	38.8	40.4	+1.6
12th grade	54.0	51.3	48.6	50.1	51.3	50.8	-0.5

Notes: Level of significance of 199596 difference: s = 0.05 ss = 0.01, sss = 0.001. Any apparent inconsistency between the 199596 change estimate and the respective prevalence estimates is due to rounding error.

¹For 12th graders: Data based on five questionnaire forms in 1991-95; N is five-sixths of N indicated.

²Unadjusted for underreporting of amyl and butyl nitrites.

³Unadjusted for underreporting of PCP (phencyclidine).

⁴For all grades: In 1993, the question text was changed slightly in one-half of the forms to indicate that a "drink" meant "more than a few sips." The data in the upper line for alcohol came from forms using the original wording, while the data in the lower line came from forms using the revised wording. In 1993, each line of data was based on one of two forms for the 8th and 10th graders and on three of six forms for the 12th graders. N is one-half of N indicated for all groups. Data for 1994-95 were based on all forms for all grades.

Source: Monitoring the Future study, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.

Table 5. Trends in harmfulness of drugs as perceived by 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, 1991-96

Percentage saying "Great risk"*
	8th Grade							10th Grade							12th Grade
Drug	91	92	93	94	95	96	95-96 Change	91	92	93	94	95	96	95-96 Change	91	92	93	94	95	96	95-96 Change
How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways), if they....
Try marijuana once or twice	40.4	39.1	36.2	31.6	28.9	27.9	-1.0	30.0	31.9	29.7	24.4	21.5	20.0	-1.5s	27.1	24.5	21.9	19.5	16.3	15.6	-0.7
Smoke marijuana occasionally	57.9	56.3	53.8	48.6	45.9	44.3	-1.6	48.6	48.9	46.1	38.9	35.4	32.8	-2.6ss	40.6	39.6	36.6	30.1	25.6	25.9	+0.3
Smoke marijuana regularly	83.8	82.0	79.6	74.3	73.0	70.9	-2.1s	82.1	81.1	78.5	71.3	67.9	65.9	-2.0	78.6	76.5	72.5	65.0	60.8	59.9	-0.9
Try crack once or twice	62.8	61.2	57.2	54.4	50.8	51.0	+0.2	70.4	69.6	66.6	64.7	60.9	60.9	0.0	60.6	62.4	57.6	58.4	54.6	56.0	+1.4
Take crack occasionally	82.2	79.6	76.8	74.4	72.1	71.6	-0.5	87.4	86.4	84.4	83.1	81.2	80.3	-0.9	76.5	76.3	73.9	73.8	72.8	71.4	-1.4
Try cocaine powder once or twice	55.5	54.1	50.7	48.4	44.9	45.2	+0.3	59.1	59.2	57.5	56.4	53.5	53.6	+0.1	53.6	57.1	53.2	55.4	52.0	53.2	+1.2
Take cocaine powder occasionally	77.0	74.3	71.8	69.1	66.4	65.7	-0.7	82.2	80.1	79.1	77.8	75.6	75.0	-0.6	69.8	70.8	68.6	70.6	69.1	68.8	-0.3
Approximate N	17,437	18,662	18,366	17,394	17,501	17,926	--	14,719	14,808	15,298	15,880	17,006	16,678	--	2,549	2,684	2,759	2,591	2,603	2,449	--

Note: Level of significance of 1995-96 difference: s = 0.05, ss = 0.01, sss = 0.001. Any apparent inconsistency between the 1995-96 change estimate and the respective prevalence estimates is due to rounding error.

*Answer alternatives were: (1) no risk, (2) slight risk, (3) moderate risk, (4) great risk, and (5) cant say, drug unfamiliar.

Source: Monitoring the Future study, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.

Table 6. Prevalence of drug use among 6th-8th, 9th-12th, and 12th grade students, 1994-95 and 1995-96

	1994-95	Annual Use 1995-96	Change	1994-95	Monthly Use 1995-96	Change
Cigarettes
6th-8th	28.1	31.1	+3.0 s	15.7	17.2	+1.5 s
9th-12th	44.4	48.2	+3.8 s	31.3	33.4	+2.1 s
12th	46.8	50.0	+3.2 s	34.6	36.2	+1.6 s
Beer
6th-8th	30.8	33.1	+2.3 s	11.8	12.5	+0.7 s
9th-12th	57.4	59.1	+1.7 s	33.3	34.3	+1.0 s
12th	64.0	64.9	+0.9	40.6	41.2	+0.6
Wine Coolers
6th-8th	29.8	33.2	+3.4 s	9.8	10.8	+1.0 s
9th-12th	51.7	52.6	+0.9 s	23.1	22.3	-0.8 s
12th	56.5	54.5	-2.0 s	25.6	22.9	-2.7 s
Liquor
6th-8th	21.3	22.9	+1.6 s	8.5	9.0	+0.5 s
9th-12th	51.5	53.4	+1.9 s	27.4	28.2	+0.8 s
12th	59.5	59.9	+0.4	32.5	32.8	+0.3
Marijuana
6th-8th	9.5	13.6	+4.1 s	5.7	8.1	+2.4 s
9th-12th	28.2	34.0	+5.8 s	18.5	22.3	+3.8 s
12th	33.2	37.9	+4.7 s	20.9	24.3	+3.4 s
Cocaine
6th-8th	1.9	2.7	+0.8 s	1.2	1.5	+0.3 s
9th-12th	4.5	5.6	+1.1 s	2.6	2.9	+0.3 s
12th	5.3	7.1	+1.8 s	2.9	3.6	+0.7 s
Uppers
6th-8th	3.3	4.6	+1.3 s	2.0	2.4	+0.4 s
9th-12th	9.3	10.5	+1.2 s	5.1	5.2	+0.1
12th	10.6	11.6	+1.0 s	5.6	5.8	+0.2
Downers
6th-8th	2.4	3.5	+1.1 s	1.5	1.9	+0.4 s
9th-12th	5.5	7.1	+1.6 s	3.4	3.8	+0.4 s
12th	5.9	7.4	+1.5 s	3.6	4.1	+0.5 s
Inhalants
6th-8th	6.3	8.5	+2.2 s	2.9	3.5	+0.6 s
9th-12th	7.5	7.6	+0.1	3.5	3.4	-0.1
12th	6.6	6.6	0.0	3.0	3.1	+0.1
Hallucinogens
6th-8th	2.4	3.3	+0.9 s	1.5	1.8	+0.3 s
9th-12th	7.7	9.5	+1.8 s	4.1	4.5	+0.4 s
12th	9.7	12.1	+2.4 s	4.8	5.1	+0.3

Note: Level of significance of difference between the 1994-95 and 1995-96 surveys: s=0.05, using chi-square with variables year and use/no use.

Sample Sizes

Grade	1994-95	1995-96
6th-8th	92,453	58,596
9th-12th	105,788	70,964
12th	20,698	14,261

Source: PRIDE USA Survey, 1994-95 and 1995-96.

Table 7. Drug use¹ by male booked arrestees: 1991-95

	1991				1992				1993				1994				1995
	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates
Atlanta	63	57	12	3	69	58	22	4	72	59	26	3	69	57	25	2	74	57	32	3
Birmingham	63	52	16	5	64	49	22	3	68	51	28	4	69	50	28	4	73	49	36	2
Chicago	74	61	23	21	69	56	26	19	81	53	40	28	79	57	38	27	79	51	41	22
Cleveland	56	48	12	3	64	53	17	3	64	48	23	4	66	48	28	3	65	42	29	5
Dallas	56	43	19	4	59	41	28	4	62	44	28	4	57	35	33	3	60	31	37	5
Denver	50	30	25	2	60	38	34	2	64	41	36	4	67	40	39	4	66	44	33	5
Detroit	55	41	18	8	58	37	27	8	63	34	37	8	66	34	38	7	67	30	42	7
Ft. Lauderdale	61	44	28	1	64	46	32	1	61	43	30	1	58	41	29	1	58	39	33	2
Houston	65	56	17	3	59	41	24	3	59	41	24	2	48	29	23	3	58	40	29	5
Indianapolis	45	22	23	3	52	23	35	4	60	32	42	4	69	47	39	3	64	39	38	2
Los Angeles	62	44	19	10	67	52	23	10	66	48	23	9	66	48	20	10	62	44	23	7
Manhattan	73	62	18	14	77	62	22	18	78	66	21	20	82	68	24	19	83	68	28	20
Miami	68	61	23	2	68	56	30	2	70	61	26	2	66	56	28	2	57	42	29	3
New Orleans	59	50	16	4	60	49	19	4	62	48	25	5	63	47	28	5	66	47	32	7
Omaha	36	14	26	2	48	16	38	2	54	19	42	2	59	26	44	2	54	19	42	1
Philadelphia	74	62	18	11	78	63	26	12	76	56	32	11	76	54	32	14	76	51	34	12
Phoenix	42	20	22	5	47	26	22	5	62	30	31	6	65	28	29	6	63	27	29	8
Portland	61	30	33	9	60	35	29	11	63	33	30	11	65	32	27	12	65	30	29	15
St. Louis	59	48	16	6	64	50	21	7	68	50	28	9	74	50	36	11	77	51	39	11
San Antonio	49	31	20	16	54	32	28	15	55	31	32	14	52	31	30	13	51	24	34	10
San Diego	75	45	33	17	77	45	35	16	78	37	40	16	79	30	36	12	72	28	35	8
San Jose	58	33	25	8	50	28	24	4	54	23	27	6	55	19	30	6	52	18	27	5
Wash., DC	59	49	11	10	60	44	20	11	60	37	26	10	64	38	30	9	64	35	32	8

¹Percent positive by urinalysis, January through December of each year.

²"Any drug" includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines. methadone, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.

Source: Drug Use Forecasting Program, National Institute of Justice.

Table 8. Drug use¹ by female booked arrestees: 1991-95

	1991				1992				1993				1994				1995
	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates	Any Drug2	Cocaine	Marijuana	Opiates
Atlanta	70	66	8	4	65	58	13	5	74	68	16	4	72	62	15	4	68	62	13	3
Birmingham	62	44	10	11	59	46	13	4	55	41	12	4	63	50	17	3	57	48	12	3
Chicago	NA*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Cleveland	79	76	7	6	74	66	11	5	77	69	13	4	82	74	16	4	71	63	11	6
Dallas	56	45	11	9	66	48	24	8	61	43	19	10	63	46	22	7	58	44	21	5
Denver	54	41	16	2	61	50	19	5	66	47	24	6	68	51	22	5	66	52	21	6
Detroit	68	62	4	11	72	62	11	15	76	64	10	14	62	46	16	13	78	61	18	15
Ft. Lauderdale	64	55	14	4	62	47	21	3	60	45	20	3	62	52	18	3	60	50	18	3
Houston	59	52	8	4	54	44	12	4	53	43	15	4	48	36	13	6	50	32	18	3
Indianapolis	54	26	22	11	50	25	26	7	58	36	25	4	69	56	22	5	72	54	24	7
Los Angeles	75	62	9	18	72	58	13	13	77	59	15	14	72	53	12	12	68	49	14	10
Manhattan	77	66	11	21	85	72	12	24	83	70	19	23	90	80	15	30	84	71	16	19
Miami	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
New Orleans	50	42	7	7	52	44	8	6	47	37	14	5	32	25	7	2	50	37	16	4
Omaha	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	58	34	28	2	56	30	24	2
Philadelphia	75	64	14	9	78	67	15	11	79	61	20	14	76	61	18	18	77	59	20	14
Phoenix	61	45	14	17	63	49	15	15	62	38	20	14	67	36	22	12	63	33	19	12
Portland	68	40	28	17	73	54	17	22	74	47	17	19	74	43	19	21	68	40	16	18
St. Louis	54	47	8	7	70	62	11	7	69	62	15	16	76	69	15	8	69	57	18	8
San Antonio	45	25	9	21	44	25	16	14	42	24	16	14	39	22	15	14	41	24	16	13
San Diego	73	40	20	21	72	37	25	17	78	36	25	20	76	18	20	13	73	28	20	12
San Jose	52	30	13	7	56	32	18	9	51	19	17	8	61	23	18	10	50	16	12	10
Wash., DC	75	68	6	16	72	64	8	19	71	62	9	21	67	55	10	13	65	46	18	16

NA = not applicable

¹Percent positive by urinalysis, January through December of each year.

2"Any drug" includes cocaine, opiates, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines. methadone, methaqualone, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and propoxyphene.

Source: Drug Use Forecasting Program, National Institute of Justice.

Table 9. Dropout rates for persons 18 to 24 years old by sex and race/ethnicity: 1980-94

	All Races, Both Sexes	All Races, Male			All Races, Female			White, Both Sexes			White, Male			White, Female
	All Persons	High School Dropouts		All Persons	High School Dropouts		All Persons	High School Dropouts		All Persons	High School Dropouts		All Persons	High School Dropouts		All Persons	High School Dropouts
		Number	Rate		Number	Rate		Number	Rate		Number	Rate		Number	Rate		Number	Rate
1994	25,253	3,365	13.3	12,557	1,804	14.4	12,696	1,553	12.2	20,170	2,554	12.7	10,123	1,377	13.6	10,048	1,176	11.7
1993	24,100	3,070	12.7	11,898	1,575	13.2	12,202	1,494	12.2	19,430	2,369	12.2	9,641	1,379	13.0	9,790	1,125	11.5
1992	24,278	3,083	12.7	11,965	1,617	13.5	12,313	1,466	11.9	19,671	2,398	12.2	9,744	1,300	13.3	9,928	1,098	11.1
1991	24,572	3,486	14.2	12,036	1,810	15.0	12,536	1,676	13.4	19,980	2,845	14.2	9,896	1,520	15.4	10,119	1,324	13.1
1990	24,852	3,379	13.6	12,134	1,689	13.9	12,718	1,690	13.3	20,393	2,751	13.5	10,053	1,430	14.2	10,340	1,322	12.8
1989	25,261	3,644	14.4	12,325	1,941	15.7	12,936	1,702	13.2	20,825	2,926	14.1	10,240	1,572	15.4	10,586	1,354	12.8
1988	25,733	3,749	14.6	12,491	1,950	15.6	13,242	1,799	13.5	21,261	3,012	14.2	10,380	1,594	15.4	10,881	1,418	13.0
1987	25,950	3,751	14.5	12,626	1,948	15.4	13,324	1,803	13.5	21,493	3,042	14.2	10,549	1,593	15.1	10,944	1,449	13.2
1986	26,512	3,664	13.8	12,921	1,937	15.0	13,591	1,741	12.8	22,008	2,974	13.5	10,803	1,581	14.6	11,205	1,393	12.4
1985	27,122	3,687	13.9	13,199	2,015	15.3	13,923	1,804	13.0	22,632	3,050	13.5	11,108	1,637	14.7	11,524	1,413	12.3
1984	28,031	4,142	14.8	13,744	2,184	15.9	14,287	1,958	13.7	23,347	3,281	14.1	11,521	1,744	15.1	11,826	1,535	13.0
1983	28,580	4,410	15.4	14,003	2,379	17.0	14,577	2,031	13.9	23,899	3,428	14.3	11,787	1,865	15.8	12,112	1,563	12.9
1982	28,846	4,500	15.6	14,083	2,329	16.5	14,763	2,171	14.7	24,206	3,523	14.6	11,874	1,810	15.2	12,332	1,713	13.0
1981	28,965	4,520	15.6	14,127	2,424	17.2	14,838	2,097	14.1	24,486	3,590	14.7	12,040	1,960	16.3	12,446	1,629	13.1
1980	28,957	4,515	15.6	14,107	2,390	16.9	14,851	2,124	14.3	24,482	3,525	14.4	12,011	1,883	15.7	12,471	1,642	13.2