Chart II-D-10: Drug Testing Frequency in Juvenile Drug Courts: Phase 4

Chart II-D-10: Drug Testing Frequency in Juvenile Drug Courts: Phase 4

State	Jurisdiction	Phase 4: Twice per Week	Phase 4: Once per Week	Phase 4: Every Other week	Phase 4: Other Frequency
AL	Birmingham				monthly
AZ	Phoenix				random
CA	EL Dorado			x
CA	French camp			x
CA	San Francisco				depends on the individual participant
CA	San Jose			x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale				at least 1 x per month
FL	Jacksonville			x
FL	Tampa	x
NM	Las Cruces			x
NV	Las Vegas	x			1 time/wk

b. Drugs For Which Tests Are Conducted

As Chart D-8 indicates, most juvenile drug courts are conducting limited testing of participants at the initial time of program entry, but follow up with routine periodic testing for a fuller screen of substances, particularly if there is any suspicion of their use.

Chart II-D-11(1): Drugs Tested For Initially/Routinely: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Alcohol		Barbiturates		Heroin		Marijuana		Crack/Cocaine
		Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely
AL	Birmingham				x		x		x		x
AZ	Phoenix		x		x		x		x		x
CA	Auburn	x	x					x	x
CA	EL Dorado				x		x		x		x
CA	French camp		x		x				x		x
CA	San Jose		x		x		x				x
CA	Tulare		x		x		x		x		x
FL	Bartow		x						x		x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale			x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Jacksonville	x	x		x		x		x		x
FL	Key West	x		x				x	x	x	x
FL	Orlando					x	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	x	x					x	x	x	x
FL	Tampa	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
IL	Chicago	x		x			x		x		x
KY	Louisville			x		x		x	x	x	x
MO	Benton	x		x	x			x	x	x
MT	Missoula	x	x			x		x	x	x
NJ	Jersey City	x		x		x		x		x
NM	Las Cruces		x		x		x		x		x
NV	Duckwater	x	x
NV	Las Vegas (Juvenile)			x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
OH	Lancaster	x	x	x	x			x	x	x	x
SC	Charleston	x		x		x		x	x	x	x
UT	Salt Lake City	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x

Chart II-D-11(2): Drugs Tested For Initially/Routinely: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	LSD		Methamphetamines		PCP		Other
		Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely	Initially	Routinely
AL	Birmingham				x				benzodiazepines, propoxyphene (*included opiates w/heroin category)
AZ	Phoenix				x		x		inhalants
CA	Auburn			x	x
CA	EL Dorado				x		x
CA	French camp				x
CA	San Jose		x		x		x
CA	Tulare		x		x		x
FL	Bartow				x
FL	Jacksonville				x			If suspected
FL	Key West	x		x
FL	Orlando			x	x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)							As indicated at assessment
FL	Tampa	x	x	x	x	x
IL	Chicago	x		x		x		means that will do initially if requested
KY	Louisville	x						benzodiazines
MI	Kalamazoo
MO	Benton	x		x	x
MT	Missoula			x
NJ	Jersey City			x		x
NM	Las Cruces		x		x		x		creatinene ÷ lets us know if kids are tying to flush out their system
NV	Las Vegas (Juvenile)	x		x	x
OH	Lancaster	x	x	x	x	x	x	inhalants	inhalants
SC	Charleston	x		x		x		opiates, benzodiazephene	opiates, benzodiazephene
UT	Salt Lake City			x	x

c. Costs per drug screen

As Chart II-D-12 illustrates, the costs for drug testing of juvenile drug court participants ranges between $ 1-$5 for approximately 40% of the programs and over $ 10.00 for another 40%. None of the reporting family drug courts, on the other hand, spend more than $ 3.00 per test. The relatively high costs for juvenile drug court testing compared with that experienced by many adult drug courts may be the result, in part, of the smaller volume of tests bing conducted.

Chart II-D-12: Costs Per Drug Screen: Juvenile and Family Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	$1-3.00	$3.01-5.00	$5.01-7.00	$7.01-9.00	$9.01-12.00	$12.01-15.00	$15.01-18.00	$18.01+	Explanation(s)
AL	Birmingham				x
AZ	Phoenix	x
CA	Auburn					x
CA	EL Dorado		x							Usually minor does not pay this cost.
CA	Tulare	x
FL	Bartow	x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale					x
FL	Jacksonville	x
FL	Key West	x
FL	Orlando					x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	x
FL	Tampa						x
IL	Chicago					x
KY	Louisville	x
MO	Benton								x	$30.00
MT	Missoula		x
NJ	Jersey City									Provided by treatment provider as part of overall contract, cost unknown at this time
NM	Las Cruces						x
NV	Duckwater
NV	Las Vegas	x
OH	Lancaster	x	x						24.00	we recently began using Dtx also -- on-site test for immediate positive/ negative response. We then send to accu-chem if we need to confirm amount
SC	Charleston						x
UT	Salt Lake City	x				x

d. Agencies Performing Urinalysis

Urinalysis for juvenile drug courts is performed by a variety of different agencies, most frequently by private treatment providers and probation departments.

Chart II-D-13: Agencies Performing Urinalysis: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Pretrial Services	Prob. Dept	Corrections Agency	TASC	Private Tx	Crim. Lab	Public Health	Private Lab	Other
AL	Birmingham				x
AZ	Phoenix				x
CA	Auburn		x
CA	EL Dorado		x
CA	San Francisco		x						x
CA	San Jose						x
CA	Tulare		x			x
DE	Wilmington					x
FL	Bartow									On-site lab
FL	Ft. Lauderdale					x				private treatment provider as part of their service
FL	Jacksonville					x				Case manager who reports to judge only.
FL	Key West	x
FL	Orlando				x	x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)					x	x
FL	Tampa					x
IL	Chicago				x
KY	Bowling Green
KY	Louisville							x
MI	Kalamazoo
MO	Benton						x
MT	Missoula								x	Private lab when calibration needed. We use "Quick test" immunoossy test. These are done at probation office.
NJ	Jersey City					x
NM	Las Cruces		x	x		x
NV	Duckwater									With the exception of the possibility of a blood or urine test at time of arrest or issuance of citation, only hand-held PBT for presence of alcohol is available and only for treatment purposes. Nearest computerized breath testing instrument for alcohol, or hospital for taking blood sample, is 74 miles away.
NV	Las Vegas					x
OH	Lancaster								x	ACCU-Chem, Texas
SC	Charleston								x
UT	Salt Lake City		x						x

e. Timeframes and Methods for Reporting Urinalysis Results to Court

Obtaining urinalysis reports appears to be a much slower process for juvenile and family drug courts than for their adult counterparts. Seven (25%) of the reporting programs require 8-24 hours and ten require over one day. On the other end, three of the reporting programs can obtain results in one to two hours and nine (30 %) can obtain urinalysis results in under one hour. For most of the reporting programs (13), urinalysis report are provided orally in court. Nine transmit reports by telephone; seven fax a hard copy. The remainder either mail a report or transmit it electronically.

Chart II-D-14: Timeframe for Obtaining Urinalysis Results

State	Jurisdiction	Juvenile	Family	HOURS
				<1	1-2	2-4	4-8	8-24	over 24
AL	Birmingham	x							3-4 days
AZ	Phoenix	x						x
CA	Auburn	x							4-7 days
CA	EL Dorado	x							5-7 Days
CA	French camp	x							3-4 days
CA	San Francisco	x
CA	San Jose	x						x
CA	Tulare	x							2-7 days
DE	Wilmington	x
FL	Bartow	x		x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale	x							x
FL	Jacksonville	x		x
FL	Key West	x			x
FL	Orlando	x		x
FL	Pensacola (family)		x	x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	x		x
FL	Tampa	x			x*				* 1-2 hours if requested ÷ typically available at next court date
IL	Chicago	x							x
KY	Bowling Green	x	x
KY	Louisville	x							2-3 days
MA	Greenfield		x	x				x	If needed
MI	Kalamazoo	x
MO	Benton	x						x
MT	Missoula	x							Quick test results in 5 minutes - is positive we send off for calibration/verification. Depends when sent in.
NJ	Jersey City	x
NM	Las Cruces	x						x	Treatment provider = 8-24 hours Probation Dept. = 1 week
NV	Duckwater	x
NV	Las Vegas	x	x				x
NV	Reno		x						at bi-weekly review
NY	Central Islip		x	x					less than one hour for in-court tests drug test from treatment agencies take 2-5 days
OH	Lancaster	x		x				x	Dtx
SC	Charleston	x							average of 4 days
UT	Salt Lake City	x		x				x	On site testing Lab test

f. Response to Positive Urinalysis

As with other major decision points in the drug court process, the judge was reported as the ultimate decision maker regarding how the drug court will respond to positive urinalyses. Close consultation is maintained, however, with the drug court team. Many programs also noted that the response to a positive urinalysis is made on a case by case basis. The range of potential responses to positive urinalysis include:

intensifying treatment: 78%

judicial admonition: 68%

more frequent urinalysis: 65%

short-term detention-less than 5 days: 50%

longer term detention -more than 10 days: 33%

program termination for repeated positive tests

(on a case by case basis): 33%

Sanctions for positive urinalyses and other indicators of program noncompliance are discussed further in Section H below.

6. Program Policies Regarding Use of Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions

Almost all of the reporting juvenile and family drug courts permit the use of prescription anti-depressants. Duckwater, Greenfield and Central Islip permit the use of methadone but most drug courts require withdrawal within a prescribed timeframe. Pensacola, Greenfield and Duckwater also permit the use of antibuse. Duckwater also permits the use of naltrexone and peyote in church ceremonies. For many of the juvenile drug court programs, the issue regarding the use of pharmacotherapeutic interventions has not yet been raised so no formal policy has been articulated.

7. Program Policies Regarding Use of Alcohol

None of the reporting juvenile drug courts permit the use of alcohol by participants and all but one of the family drug courts (Las Vegas) prohibit alcohol use. The Las Vegas program strongly discourages alcohol consumption by participants.. The prohibition on the use of alcohol

by most drug court programs stems from the recognition of (1) the addictive nature of alcohol consumption; and (2) the complex interrelationship between the use of alcohol and other drug dependencies.

E. Services Provided to Juvenile and Family Drug Court Participants

1. Type and Frequency of Treatment Services Provided

The charts that follow depict the range and frequency of treatment, rehabilitation, and other support services provided to juvenile drug court participants and their families. As Charts II-E-1 and II-E-2 illustrate, approximately half of the programs provi