Chart II-G-4: Frequency of Judicial Contact with Parents of Juvenile Drug Court Participants ÷ Phase 3

Chart II-G-4: Frequency of Judicial Contact with Parents of Juvenile Drug Court Participants ÷ Phase 3

State	Jurisdiction	PHASE III
		Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly	Other
AL	Birmingham				as needed
AZ	Phoenix			x
CA	Auburn			x
CA	EL Dorado			x
CA	San Francisco				depends on individual
CA	San Jose			x
CA	Tulare				At orientation and whenever parents come. Many parents work.
FL	Ft. Lauderdale			x
FL	Jacksonville		x
FL	Key West			x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)			x
IL	Chicago				Every other month
KY	Louisville				as needed
MO	Benton		x
MT	Missoula	x
NM	Las Cruces		x
NV	Las Vegas			x
OH	Lancaster			x
SC	Charleston		x

2. Family Drug Court

Judicial contact with participants in the family drug courts is reported generally to be at least weekly and, in some instances, more frequently during the initial phase -- more frequent than in the juvenile or adult drug courts. The frequency of judicial contact tapers off as the participant prrogresses.

Chart II-G-5: Frequency of Judicial Contact with Family Drug Court Participants

State	Jurisdiction	PHASE I				PHASE II
		Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly	Other	Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly	Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly
FL	Pensacola (family)	x					x				x
KY	Bowling Green				varies
MA	Greenfield	x				x				x
NY	Central Islip	x			Judge will see parent 2 times per week if recommended at the beginning		x

Based on the limited experience reported by family drug courts to date, the family drug court maintains significant, though less frequent, contact with the children of family drug court participants, as depicted on Chart G-4.

Chart II-G-6: Frequency of Judicial Contact with Children of Family Drug Court Participants

State	Jurisdiction	PHASE I			PHASE II			PHASE III
		Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly	Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly	Weekly	Every Other Week	Monthly
FL	Pensacola (family)	x				x				x
NV	Las Vegas			x			x			x
NV	Reno		x			x			x

H. Responses to Participant Progress: Sanctions and Incentives

1. Sanctions for Non Compliance with Program Conditions

Chart H-1 provides a synopsis of the range of sanctions juvenile drug courts impose for noncompliance with program conditions. The most frequently used sanctions are:

increased frequency and intensity of treatment services 90%

community service 88%

assignment of an essay 77%

electronic monitoring 51%

increased urinalysis 85%

increased AA/NA attendance 80%

restriction of driving privileges 31%

A number of programs also indicated they have begun to use detention for willful noncompliance with program conditions.

Chart II-H-1: Sanctions for Non Compliance: Juvenile Drug Courts

ST	Jurisdiction	Incarcer-ation	Inc. Tx	Elec. Monit.	Comm. Serv	Assign Essay	Incrse Rpting	Incrs UAs	Increase AA/NA	No Driving	Other
AL	Birmingham	x	x		x		x	x	x		school attendance
AZ	Phoenix	x	x	x	x			x	x
CA	Auburn	x				x		x	x
CA	EL Dorado	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
CA	San Francisco	x	x		x	x	x	x	x		individualized sanctions
CA	San Jose	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
CA	Tulare	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
DE	Wilmington		x		x	x	x	x	x
FL	Bartow	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Jacksonville	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x		curfew
L	Key West	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Orlando	x	x		x	x	x	x	x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Tampa	x*	x		x	x	x	x	x		*Contemplating using--new 1998 statute allowing contempt for parent Participation additional programs: NEAT (Sheriffs program), SHOCK ( Juv. court program), YES (County program, tour of BALM (Adult Minimum security prison)
IL	Chicago	x	x		x	x	x	x	x
KY	Louisville	x	x	x		x	x	x	x
MO	Benton	x	x		x			x		x	detention
MT	Missoula	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
NJ	Jersey City	x	x		x			x	x		other
NM	Las Cruces	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
NV	Duckwater	x	x	n/a	x	x	x	n/a	n/a	x	More frequent PBT Monitoring; Restrict Girls' use of Hairspray/Makeup, Certain Clothing; Help with Sober activities; Parenting Classes, Attend AA, Attend 45-day In-Patient Program, Curfew; Place Under House Arrest
NV	Las Vegas	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
OH	Lancaster	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Foster placement, increased surveillance, Time out program, drop back one phase, lengthen phase, more frequent status hearings, added fines.
SC	Charleston	x	x	x	x	x
UT	Salt Lake City	x	x		x	x	x	x	x

Chart II-H-2: Use of Detention as a Sanction for Non Compliance: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Det. Of Juv.		Circumstances	Duration	Det. Of Parent		Circumstances	Duration
		Yes	No			Yes	No
AL	Birmingham	x		Chronic absence from drug court, chronic absence from treatment, positive urines, failure to make appointments, program noncompliance	2 to 30 days
AZ	Phoenix	x		Substance use, lying in court, failure to attend treatment groups	progressive: begins at 24 hours to 3 days: week substance abuse program, etc...
CA	Auburn	x		See attached sanction schedule
CA	EL Dorado	x		If minor has violated the terms of Probation, minor may be incarcerated and then returned to the program.	Case by case basis.
CA	French camp	x
CA	San Francisco	x		Depends on individual participants' lack of compliance with program	Depends on individual participant's circumstances
CA	San Jose	x		Drug tests, failure to go to school	Drug Test= length of time to clean out system. School-wknd.
CA	Tulare	x		Positive tests, failure to attend school or treatment, other contract violations	3-10 days		x
DE	Wilmington		x
FL	Bartow	x		Positive U/A, non compliance in attending group counseling, not attending AA/NA, not attending school, breaking curfews	3 days to 2 weeks
FL	Ft. Lauderdale		x
FL	Jacksonville		x	Absconding, failure to attend group, court, missing screens, school report of non-compliance also figures in.	Up to 5 days for 1st order to show cause.		x
FL	Orlando		x				x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	x		Severe curfew violation, dirty urine screen, new arrest, severe non-compliance with treatment requirements	Weekend--up to 15 days	x		Positive UA's; missing treatment	from 24 hours to 10 days
FL	Tampa	x*		*Perhaps not regularly: out of 253 defendants only 34 have been detained due to contempt of court Detention is imposed when child is found guilty of contempt	1st Offense--5 days 15 days for each subsequent offense
IL	Chicago	x		Judge agrees to let minor enter program only if initial phase of program incorporates residential treatment	Until residential treatment is achieved--usually one week		x
KY	Louisville	x		None attendance at treatment, failure to appear in court		x		failure to comply with court ordered procedures	we haven't done this, probably 7 to 10 days
MT	Missoula	x		multiple (3) dirty UAs consecutively	short-term weekend		x
NJ	Jersey City	x		failure to attend treatment sessions, self help groups, court hearings	One night to 3 days		x	Parents are required to attend one family counseling session per week. If not sanctions Amy be imposed - no sanctions have been imposed as yet. Program just started.
NM	Las Cruces	x		Is used, but not regularly - one of the more severe sanctions	2-15 days		x	However, parents are made party to the petition and failure to fully cooperate could result in parents being held in contempt. The DA's office and JPO's would give recommendation to Children's Court Judge on a case by case determination.
NV	Duckwater		x				x
NV	Las Vegas	x		If UA's still positive after 30-60 days use graduated consequences of 3-5 and 10 days in detention during successive months			x
OH	Lancaster	x		Dirty urine screen(s); failure to attend school; failure to attend counseling or report into probation officer; infraction of any home or probation rules; tampering with urine screens; any violation of program. Detention is part of a series of graduated sanctions.	ranges from one day to "until further order of the court."		x*	*Not currently imposed, but is being considered.
SC	Charleston	x		Non compliance with court order, non attendance at treatment, lying, inappropriate court room behavior	2-10 days			n/a
UT	Salt Lake City	x		Positive UA's, failure to appear at court, failure to complete assigned tasks (i.e.: essays, community service)	Up to 10 days

2. Incentives to Recognize Participant Progress

Chart II-H-3 illustrates the range of incentives juvenile drug courts are using to recognize the progress of participants. In addition to the praise of the judge and accolades from attendees at the drug court hearing, these incentive include: awarding bonus points; extending a juvenile's curfew; releasing him or her from "house arrest" or electronic bonding; restoration of the juvenile's driving license; and special tokens of recognition, such as tickets to a sports event.

Chart II-H-3: Incentives to Recognize Participant Progress: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Decr. Detention	Dismiss Case	Bonus Points	Extend Curfew	Release House Arrest	Restore License	Early Release	Public Recog. of Prog	Tickets/ Other Spec. Prizes	Other
AL	Birmingham	x						x	x		less frequent contact (hearings, urinalysis)
AZ	Phoenix	x						x	x	x
CA	Auburn			x	x	x		x	x
CA	EL Dorado		x	x			x		x		Food Coupons, Reduction in Work Program/Community Service Hours.
CA	French camp		x	x	x	x			x	x	release from electronic monitoring; provide "goody" packs (food packs) for exemplary behavior in program
CA	San Francisco				x				x		individualized incentives
CA	San Jose		x			x	x		x	x
CA	Tulare		x	x	x	x	x	x	x
DE	Wilmington				x			x	x	x
FL	Bartow	x	x					x	x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale	x	x						x	x
FL	Jacksonville			x	x	x	x		x	x	Cultural awareness and involvement in arts, theater.
L	Key West	x	x	x			x	x	x
FL	Orlando		x		x	x					Decrease intensity & frequency of treatment
FL	Pensacola (family)
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)				x*			x	x		*For special events/occasions Gift Certificates donated by local stores.
FL	Tampa		x		x			x	x
IL	Chicago	x	x		x	x		x	x	x	Meetings with food & beverages
KY	Bowling Green
KY	Louisville	x	x		x	x			x	x
MA	Greenfield
MI	Kalamazoo
MO	Benton		x		x	x	x	x	x	x
MT	Missoula				x	x		x	x	x
NJ	Jersey City	x	x				x		x		other
NM	Las Cruces	x	x		x	x			x	x	early release from probation
NV	Duckwater	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	Release/restore Items listed in Other above, Dinner/Pizzas Tickets
NV	Las Vegas		xx		x	x	x	x	x
NV	Reno
NY	Central Islip
OH	Lancaster	x	x		x	x	x	x	x	x	Lessen frequency of urine screens, reduce costs, reduce reporting days, lessen hours in WORK, Time OUT, Community Service programs.
SC	Charleston	x			x	x			x	x
UT	Salt Lake City

I. Requirements for Program Completion

1. Requirements for Program Graduation/Completion

a. Juvenile Drug Courts

Completion of most juvenile drug court programs requires at least one year of program participation although some programs can be completed in a shorter time, depending upon the circumstances of the individual participant and the rate of his or her progress.. Approximately 25% of the programs do not set a specific duration for program participation but require, rather, an indefinite period of participation, so that treatment and other program requirements can be adapted to the changing situations of most juvenile participants. In addition to the period of program participation, juveniles must demonstrate: (1) sobriety for a specified minimum period of time -- usually at least three months; (2) a stable living situation; and (3) the achievement of a high school diploma or GED or liikelihood of receiving such certification. Many programs also require a positive recommendation from the treatment provider as a condition for graduation and performance of a specified number of community service hours. These requirements are further depicted in Chart II-I-1 which follows.

Chart II-I-1: Required Period of Program Participation for Graduation: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	1 Year of Participation	18 Months of Participation	2 Years of Participation	Indefinite Period	Other
AL	Birmingham				x
AZ	Phoenix	x
CA	Auburn	x
CA	EL Dorado	x
CA	French camp	x
CA	San Francisco	x			x	at least one year
CA	San Jose	x
CA	Tulare					9 months or longer, depending on the child
DE	Wilmington				x
FL	Bartow					6 months - 1 year
FL	Ft. Lauderdale	x
FL	Jacksonville	x
FL	Key West					9 months
FL	Orlando					6-12 months
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)					10-12 months
FL	Tampa	x			x	The length of the program is determined by the progress the juvenile makes in the program.
IL	Chicago				x*	*But usually nine months
KY	Louisville	x
MI	Kalamazoo
MO	Benton				x
MT	Missoula					Completion of all youth drug court programs may take 6-18 months
NJ	Jersey City					3 months to 9 months unless residential is required
NM	Las Cruces					6 months
NV	Duckwater					4 months
NV	Las Vegas	x
OH	Lancaster	x			x
SC	Charleston	x			x	may be extended if motivated, show initiative, etc...
UT	Salt Lake City					Six months to a year

Chart II-I-2: Other Requirements for Program Graduation: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Sobriety For # of Months	Obtain/Main Emp.	Stable Living Situat	Diploma/GED	Com Service	Tx Rec.	Paymt of Fee	Other
AL	Birmingham	3		x	x	x	x
AZ	Phoenix	11		x		x	x
CA	Auburn	2			x		x	x
CA	EL Dorado	6				x*	x		*Work program and/or "performing a period of community service".
CA	French camp	x			x	x	x
CA	San Francisco			x					x
CA	San Jose	12		x	x	x	x
CA	Tulare				x		x		Responsibility groups, workforce preparation
DE	Wilmington		x*	x	x		x		*obtain/maintain employment with school
FL	Bartow	6					x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale	3					x		no additional criminal activity
FL	Jacksonville	3		x	x	x	x
FL	Key West			x	x	x	x
FL	Orlando	2			x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)						x
FL	Tampa	6	x	x	x	x*	x	x	*For those cases assigned hours. There are a certain # of counseling sessions (group and individual) that must be completed before successful graduation.
IL	Chicago	3			x		x		No new delinquency findings
KY	Bowling Green
KY	Louisville	4		x	x		x
MI	Kalamazoo
MO	Benton	2	x		x	x	x
MT	Missoula	1.5				x	x	x	Completion of Parks and Recreation and Literacy Volunteer programs.
NJ	Jersey City	3	x		x		x		obtain/maintain employment or school
NM	Las Cruces			x	x	x	x		sobriety at end of 6 month period
NV	Duckwater	2	x	x	x	x	x		Complete essays on relevant topics
NV	Las Vegas	6
OH	Lancaster				x		x	x	*Must have 12 consecutive clean screens
SC	Charleston	2	x	x	x		x	x
UT	Salt Lake City				x	x	x	x

b. Family Drug Courts

In order to graduate from most family drug courts, participants are required to participate for at least one year, demonstrate a specified minimum period of continuous sobriety (usually at least three months); a stable living situation; and a substantial continuous period of time during which the participant is meeting his or her obligations to his or her children.

2. Reasons for Involuntary Termination

a. Juvenile Drug Courts

The most frequent reasons for involuntary terminations from a juvenile drug court are: failure to attend treatment; failure to appear in court; and/or having a new arrest for a violent offense. As Chart I-3 illustrates, involuntary terminations generally occur only after repeated willful failure by the juvenile participant to comply with program requirements.

Chart II-I-3: Reasons for Involuntary Termination: Juvenile Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Repeated + Urinalysis	Failure to Attend Treatment	Failure to Appear in Court	New Arrest (violent)	New Arrest (non-violent)	Other
AL	Birmingham				x		unable to derive benefit
AZ	Phoenix	x	x		x		combination of all marked
CA	Auburn	x	x	x
CA	EL Dorado	x	x	x	x	x	Failure to attend school and/or perform satisfactorily academically; failure to complete probation conditions.
CA	French camp	x	x	x	x	x
CA	San Francisco						depends on the individual
CA	San Jose				x		Failure to perform over a period of time
CA	Tulare				x		Repeated failure to comply with contract
DE	Wilmington	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Bartow	x	x	x	x
FL	Ft. Lauderdale	x	x	x	x	x
FL	Jacksonville				x		Sales
FL	Key West		x	x
FL	Orlando	x	x	x	x
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	x*	x	x**	x		Extensive *Repeatedly Each case is considered individually.
FL	Tampa	x	x	x	x	x	Combinations of all of the above
IL	Chicago	x	x	x	x
KY	Louisville		x	x	x
MI	Kalamazoo
MO	Benton		x	x	x
MT	Missoula	x	x
NJ	Jersey City	x	x	x	x	x
NM	Las Cruces	x	x	x	x	x	team recommends to judge as final authority
NV	Duckwater	n/a	x	x	x
NV	Las Vegas (Juvenile)	x	x	x	x	x
OH	Lancaster				x		AWOL from program or jurisdiction
SC	Charleston		x	x	x		depends on recommendation of solicitor New arrest
UT	Salt Lake City	x	x	x	x	x

b. Family Drug Courts

Like juvenile drug courts, family drug courts terminate a participant only after repeated, willful failures to comply with program conditions or evidence that the participant has placed his or her child in imminent risk to health or life. A summary of factors bearing on the decision to terminate a participant involuntarily from the family drug court is provided in Chart I-4 below.

Chart I-4: Reasons for Involuntary Termination ÷ Family Drug Courts

State	Jurisdiction	Repeated + Urinalysis	Failure to Attend Treatment	Failure to Appear in Court	New Arrest (violent)	New Arrest (non-violent)	Other
FL	Pensacola (family)	x*	x	x**	x		Extensive *Repeatedly
KY	Bowling Green
MA	Greenfield	x	x	x*	x		*Repeated
NV	Las Vegas (Family)	x	x	x
NV	Reno	x	x	x	x	x	all are possible. none is automatic
NY	Central Islip	x	x				Placing child at imminent risk to life or health

J. Changes in Court Procedures and Processes Required to Implement the Juvenile and Family Drug Court Programs

1. Juvenile Drug Courts

As Chart II-J-1 illustrates, the most common changes in court procedures and processes required to implement juvenile drug court programs have generally entailed: expediting the screening and assessment of participants at the time of arrest; conduct of more comprehensive and earlier assessments of the circumstances as well as substance use of each participant; imposition of immediate responses (both positive and negative) to participant progress or relapse; closer supervision of the progress of the juvenile as well as the services being provided; and greater involvement of the juvenileâs family throughout the period of his or her participation in the juvenile drug court.

Chart II-J-1: Principal Changes in Procedures and Processes Required to Implement Juvenile Drug Court

State	Jurisdiction	Changes in Procedures
AL	Birmingham	Immediate sanctions, shock incarcerations, the "team" concept
AZ	Phoenix	"Arena" style hearing: all participants are present during hearings
CA	EL Dorado	Minor appears in Court with all other Drug Court participants present.
CA	San Francisco	none
CA	San Jose	Pretrial reinforcement, positive peer pressure, bi-weekly reviews, dismissal of case upon completion of program
DE	Wilmington	We have tightened up our referral process in NCC so that all drug cases go through a single DAG
FL	Orlando	Additional cases during arraignments and detention hearings. More written reports to Court. Additional hearings to address clients's needs or problems.
FL	Pensacola (juvenile)	Since implementation of Family Court - court sessions have been separated out from Adult Drug Court.
FL	Tampa	Developed the position of (Juvenile) Drug Court Specialists: responsible for handling referrals, setting dockets, notifying of court attendances, holding orientation, trouble shooter for Judge
IL	Chicago	none
NM	Las Cruces	Sub court to Children's court with independent district court judge. More frequent appearances & accountability to children
NV	Duckwater	none
NV	Las Vegas (Juvenile)	A monthly Drug Court review for all participants
OH	Lancaster	Status Hearings; more immediate consequences/sanctions; increased parent participation; increased group focus; individual treatment increased; drug testing on parents when substance abuse suspected.
SC	Charleston	Added task list for clients now utilizing electronic monitoring
UT	Salt Lake City	Not imposing minimum mandatory penalties.

2. Family Drug Courts

Family drug courts are instituting changes in procedures and processes similar to those required by juvenile drug courts. In addition, family drug courts are seeking to provide increased ÷ and more immediate ÷ services, simultaneously, to both parents and children.

Chart II-J-2: Principal Changes in Procedures and Processes Required to Implement Family Drug Court

State	Jurisdiction	Changes in Procedures
NV	Las Vegas (Family)	A monthly Drug Court review for all participants
NY	Central Islip	Expedited court procedures - disposition within 7 days, intensive judicial supervision - weekly monthly court appearances, on-site drug & alcohol assessments, on-site case management services, drug testing, sanction & rewards, child advocates (CASA)

K. Establishment of New Locations for Service Provision

Many of the reporting programs indicate that special locations have been established to provide services to the juvenile and family drug court participants. Almost half of the programs provide some services in the courthouse and approximately one-third provide services in a local treatment facility. Approximately 25% of the reporting programs provide service in local schools and 20% provide in-home services. Other service locations include recreation centers, local religious centers, and police athletic leagues.

L. Program Costs, Fees Assessed, and Funding Sources

1. Program Costs Per Client/Family

Half of the reporting programs were able to provide an estimate of the cost for their juvenile or family drug court. Most of the programs report these costs to be under $ 500 per participant, primarily because the drug courts are making use of many existing services. Those programs which have developed special service components for the drug court to augment existing resources (e.g., family therapists; special counseling components; educational programs, for example) are calculating significantly higher costs. As most programs gain experience they may also find their costs increasing because of the multiple family members who need to be served through the drug court process. Chart L-1(1) provides an initial cost per client estimate from the reporting juvenile and family drug courts at this time. Chart L-1(2) provides the costs per family which only a few programs have yet begun to calculate.

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