Endnotes

2. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., revised and amended by Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat. 37 (1997). Some of the 1997 amendments became effective on their passage; others took effect in 1998.

3. 34 C.F.R. § 300.1 et seq. (1999). The U.S. Department of Education issued a notice clarifying that compliance with new provisions in the regulations was not required for fiscal year 1998 but was required for fiscal year 1999 and carryover funds from fiscal year 1998.

4. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a); 34 C.F.R. § 300.110, §§ 300.121-300.156.

5. 20 U.S.C. § 1413(a); 34 C.F.R. § 300.220, §§ 300.121-300.156.

6. 29 U.S.C. § 794 (1973).

7. 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990); see also Pennsylvania v. Yeskey, 118 S. Ct. 1952 (1998) (holding that the Americans with Disabilities Act extends to prison inmates).

8. California Education Code § 56026.

9. California Education Code § 56363.

10. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(3)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.7(a)(1).

11. Children with ADD or ADHD may be eligible for services under the category of "other health impairment," 34 C.F.R. § 300.7(c)(9)(i) or through section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. § 794).

12. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(26)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.7(c)(10)(i).

13. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(26)(B) and (C); 34 C.F.R. § 300.7(c)(10)(i) and (ii).

14. 34 C.F.R. § 300.7(c)(4).

15. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a); 34 C.F.R. § 300.2(b) (iv). The 1997 IDEA amendments permit States to exclude youth ages 18 through 21 who, in the educational placement prior to their incarceration in an adult criminal corrections facility, were not actually identified as being a youth with a disability or did not have an IEP. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(B)(ii). Note that the implementing regulation permits exclusion of this group for those who, in the last educational placement prior to incarceration in an adult criminal corrections facility, were not actually identified as being a youth with a disability and did not have an IEP. 34 C.F.R. § 300.311(a).

16. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.121(a). However, the general age eligibility provisions do not apply to youth ages 18 through 21 if State law or practice, or the order of any court, does not provide for public education to youth in that age range. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(B)(i); 34 C.F.R. § 300.122(a)(1).

17. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5); 34 C.F.R. § 300.550.

18. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(3)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.125.

19. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a)-(c); 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.532-500.543.

20. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a)(2); 34 C.F.R. § 300.536.

21. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(2)(A), 34 C.F.R. § 300.342(a).

22. 34 C.F.R. § 300.343(b)(2).

23. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.344(a).

24. The importance of parental participation is underscored in detailed notice, scheduling, and documentation of efforts requirements. 34 C.F.R. § 300.345.

25. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(A)(vii); 34 C.F.R. § 300.347(b).

26. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(30); 34 C.F.R. § 300.29.

27. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(3)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.346(a)(2).

28. 34 C.F.R. § 300.342(b)(ii), § 300.343(c).

29. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(25); 34 C.F.R. § 300.26 (a)(1).

30. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(25)(A)-(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.24(a)(1)(i)-(ii).

31. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(22); 34 C.F.R. § 300.24.

32. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b); 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.501-300.512.

33. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(2); 34 C.F.R. § 300.515.

34. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(m); 34 C.F.R. § 300.517; see also Paul Y. v. Singletary, 979 F. Supp. 1422 (S.D. Fla. 1997).

35. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e); 34 C.F.R. § 300.506.

36. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f); 34 C.F.R. § 300.507.

37. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(h); 34 C.F.R. § 300.509.

38. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(g); 34 C.F.R. § 300.510.

39. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2); 34 C.F.R. § 300.512.

40. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3); 34 C.F.R. § 300.513.

41. 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.660-300.662. Apart from the State complaint process pursuant to IDEA, complaints may be filed with the Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education, for discrimination on the basis of disability under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. § 794) or title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.).

42. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j); 34 C.F.R. § 300.514.

43. 484 U.S. 305 (1988).

44. 484 U.S. at 323-324.

45. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.520(a).

46. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(10); 34 C.F.R. § 300.520(d).

47. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(2); 34 C.F.R. § 300.521.

48. 34 C.F.R. § 300.519; see generally 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(1)(a).

49. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(1)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.520(b).

50. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A), § 1415(k)(3); 34 C.F.R. § 300.121(d), § 300.522.

51. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(4); 34 C.F.R. § 300.523.

52. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(5); 34 C.F.R. § 300.524.

53. 34 C.F.R. § 300.523(f).

54. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.121(d).

55. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(2), § 1415(k)(7); 34 C.F.R. § 300.525, § 300.526, § 300.528.

56. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(8)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.527(a).

57. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(8)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.527(b).

58. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(9)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.529(a); see also Northside Independent School District (No. 106-SE-1297), 28 Individuals With Disabilities Education Law Report (IDELR) 1118 (State Education Agency Texas 1998); Smith v. Wheaton (No. H-87-190 (TPS)), 29 IDELR 200 (D. Conn. 1998); Cabot School District (No. H-99-02), 29 IDELR 300 (Ark. 1998).

59. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(9); 34 C.F.R. § 300.529(a).

60. Morgan v. Chris L., 25 IDELR 227 (6th Cir. 1996) (unpublished decision).

61. See, e.g., Flint Board of Education v. Williams, 276 N.W.2d 499 (Mich. App. 1979) (violation of school rules and regulations); In re McCann, 17 Educ. for the Handicapped L. Rep. [now the IDELR] 551 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990) (truancy and unruly behavior).

62. State of Wisconsin v. Trent N., 26 IDELR 434 (Wis. Ct. App. 1997); Cabot School District (No. H-99-02), 29 IDELR 300 (Ark. 1998).

63. Cabot School District (No. H-99-02), 29 IDELR 300 (Ark. 1998); State of Connecticut v. David F., 29 IDELR 376 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1998).

64. In the Matter of Shelly M., 453 N.Y.S.2d 352 (1982); In re Ruffel, 18 IDELR 1171 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1992).

65. See Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960); Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162 (1975); see, e.g., In re Patrick H., 63 Cal. Rptr. 2d 455 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997).

66. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 368 (1970).

67. 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Miranda warnings must precede any custodial interrogation. Note that the U.S. Supreme Court will decide in Dickerson v. United States, 120 S. Ct. 578 (mem.) (No. 99-5525) (review granted, Dec. 6, 1999), Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals, No. 97-4750, 166 F.3d 667, whether Miranda has been overruled in Federal cases by a statute (18 U.S.C. § 3501) that purports to restore voluntariness as the test for admissibility.

68. See Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 725 (1979).

69. See Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596, 599 (1948); Reck v. Pate, 367 U.S. 433, 442 (1961); see, e.g., In re J.J.C., 689 N.E.2d 1172 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998), suppressing as involuntary the confession of a youth with a history of mental problems and learning disabilities.

70. Letter to Mr. George M. Galarza, Warden of California State Prison-Corcoran; 30 IDELR 50 (U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, 1997).

71. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.2(b)(iv).

72. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(B)(ii); 34 C.F.R. § 300.122(a)(2).

73. See, e.g., State of Connecticut-Unified School District No. 1 v. State Department of Education, 27 IDELR 3 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1997).

74. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(9)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.529(b)(2).

75. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(b); 34 C.F.R. § 300.532.

76. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(c); 34 C.F.R. § 300.536.

77. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(4); 34 C.F.R. § 300.346(b); Alexander S. v. Boyd, 876 F. Supp. 773, 802 (D.S.C. 1995), affd. in part and rev'd. in part on other grounds, 113 F.3d 1373 (4th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. (1998).

78. 34 C.F.R. § 300.342(b)(ii).

79. See, e.g., CALIF. EDUC. CODE § 56325 (West 1998), requiring immediate provision of an interim placement implementing the existing IEP to the extent possible within existing resources, with review by the IEP team within 30 days.

80. See, e.g., Boyd, 876 F. Supp. at 802.

81. 34 C.F.R. § 300.342(b)(ii). Different rules apply to some juveniles in adult criminal corrections facilities. See 34 C.F.R. § 300.122 (a)(2) concerning individuals ages 18 through 21 convicted as adults under State law and housed in adult criminal corrections facilities.

82. Smith v. Wheaton (No. H-87-190 (TPS)), 29 IDELR 200 (D. Conn. 1998).

83. 34 C.F.R. § 300.309.

84. 20 U.S.C. § 1412 (a)(5)(A); 34 C.F.R. § 300.550.

85. OCR Region IX, No. 09-91-1343-I (1992) (unreported).

86. 29 U.S.C. § 794.

87. OCR Region IX, No. 09-91-1343-I (1992) (unreported) (OCR found discrimination against students with hearing impairments in violation of section 504 in part because the student handbook lacked such a statement).

88. See, e.g., Maine Department of Education, 17 IDELR 211 (State Education Agency, Maine, 1990), but see 34 C.F.R. § 300.122(a)(2) regarding individuals ages 18 through 21 convicted as adults under State law and residing in adult criminal corrections facilities.

89. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(2); 34 C.F.R. § 300.515(c)(2), but see 34 C.F.R. § 300.517(a)(2) if State transfers rights at the age of majority for all students.

90. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(6)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.311(c).

91. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(B)(ii); 34 C.F.R. § 300.311(a).

92. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(6)(A)(ii); 34 C.F.R. § 300.311(b)(2).

93. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(6)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.311(c); see, e.g., New Hampshire Department of Education v. City of Manchester, N.H. School District, 23 IDELR 1057 (D.N.H. 1996).