IV. A Comprehensive Approach
Endnotes
1 Harvard University/University of Maryland, American Attitudes Toward Children's Health Issues (Princeton, N.J.: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 1997).
2 Information about Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
3 Information about the "Prevention Through Service" Alliance can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
4 Information about Department of Labor drug-free workplace programs can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
5 The CSAP/SAMHSA Workplace Helpline number is 1-800-WORKPLACE. Information about SAMHSA workplace initiatives can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
6 Information about the ONDCP Athletic Initiative can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
7 The Coach's Playbook Against Drugs can be viewed online, January 29, 1999.
8 E.P.M. de Mejier, H.J. vander Kamp, and F.A. Ewuwijk, "Characterization of Cannabis Accessions with Regard to Cannabinoid Content in Relation to Other Plant Characteristics," Euphythica, 62 (1992), pp. 187-200.
9 Botvin, G. J., Baker, E.,Dusenbury, L., Botvin, E.M., and Diaz, T. "Long-Term Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Drug Abuse Prevention Trial in a White Middle-Class Population," Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 273, (1995), pp. 1106-1112.
10 Information about prevention findings at Cornell University, Project STAR, and other CSAP grantee programs can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
11 The NIDA pamphlet Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents a Research-Based Guide, (Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, March 1997, reprinted November 1997, January 29, 1999) provides a comprehensive overview of prevention, including principles and examples of research-based programs.
12 The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. No Safe Haven: Children of Substance Abusing Parents, (New York, NY: The National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). U.S. General Accounting Office. Foster Care Agencies Face Challenges Securing Stable Homes for Children of Substance Abusers, (Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1998). Child Welfare League of America. Alcohol and Other Drug Survey of State Child Welfare Agencies, (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1998).
13 Child Welfare League of America. Alcohol and Other Drug Survey of State Child Welfare Agencies, (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1998).
14 Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Use Among Women in the United States, (Washington, D.C.: 1997).
15 The Legal Action Center. Making Welfare Reform Work: Tools for Confronting Alcohol and Drug Problems Among Welfare Recipients, (New York, NY: Legal Action Center, 1997).
16 A heavy drinker is an individual who consumes five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of five or more days in the past month.
17 Grant, Bridget F, Dawson, Deborah A. "Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and its Association with DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey." Journal of Substance Abuse, Volume 9, December 1997, pp. 103-110.
18 The following discussion of addiction is based primarily on articles and speeches by Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D. Dr. Leshner is Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. A fuller discussion of addiction by Dr. Leshner can be found in Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice Journal, "Addiction Is a Brain Disease-and It Matters," October 1998.
19 The lower estimate is based on a methodology developed by SAMHSA using data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The higher estimate is derived from data collected in the 1992 National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism's National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiology Survey (NLAES). While this 1992 study focused on alcohol, detailed questions wereasked about other drugs, including marijuana and cocaine. The ONDCP-coordinated Advisory Committee on Drug Control Research, Data, and Evaluation is reviewing the methodology by which the treatment gap is calculated in order to obtain a more precise estimate and to ensure consistency with approaches used by states to allocate funds.
20 Kessler, R., Nelson, C., McGonagle, K. "The Epidemiology of Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders: Implications for Prevention and Service Utilization," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1996; 66, pp. 17-31.
21 CSAT Technical Assistance Publication (TAP) No. 21, Addiction Counseling Competencies: The Knowledge, Skill, and Attitudes of Professional Practice, is available online through the National Addiction Technology Transfer Centers' Coordinating Center, January 29, 1999.
22 Christopher Mumola, Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners, 1997 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999).
23 Darrell Gilliard and Allen Beck, Prisoners in 1997 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998).
24 A consensus meeting on drug treatment in the criminal justice system was held in Washington, D.C., in March 1998. Conference proceedings are posted online, January 29, 1999.
25 More information about TASC can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
26 Belenko S. "Research on Drug Courts: a Critical Review," National Drug Court Institute Review, 1 (1), 1998. More information about Drug Courts can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
27 Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons.
TRIAD Drug Treatment Evaluation, Six-Month Report, Executive Summary, p.1., January 29, 1999.
28 Inciardi, James, et al., "An Effective Model of Prison-Based Treatment for Drug-Involved Offenders," Journal of Drug Issues, Vol 27, no. 2, 1997, pp. 261-278.
29 United Nations, United Nations International Drug Control Programme. World Drug Report, 1998, p. 19., January 29, 1999.
30 Section 705(a)(2)(B)(3) of the ONDCP Reauthorization Act of 1998.
31 World Drug Report, p. 124. The report notes that "many estimates have been made of the total revenue accruing to the illicit drug industry -- most range from US$300bn to US$500bn. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the true figure lies somewhere around the US$400bn level. A US$400bn turnover would be equivalent to approximately 8 per cent of total international trade. In 1994 this figure would have been larger than the international trade in iron and steel and motor vehicles and about the same size as the total international trade in textiles."
32 Tackling Drugs to Build a Better Britain.
The Government's Ten-Year Strategy for Tackling Drugs Misuse. Presented to Parliament by the President of the Council by Command of Her Majesty, April 1998. January 29, 1999.
33 The Mexican Ministry of Health's drug-prevention Web site can be viewed online, January 29, 1999.
34 Information about Brazilian national drug-control policy can be obtained online, January 29, 1999.
35 Proceedings of the first U.S./Mexico Bi-National Demand Reduction Conference, held in El Paso, Texas in March 1998, can be viewed online, January 29, 1999.
36 World Drug Report. p. 29.
