Appendix:
Drug-Related Data
Up-to-date
information on the availability and prevalence of illegal drugs and
the criminal, health, and social consequences of their use is vital
to the implementation of the National Drug Control Strategy.
Such information is also important for measuring the effectiveness
of federal, state, and local drug-control programs. The Office of
National Drug Control Policy's (ONDCP) Advisory Committee on Research,
Data, and Evaluation; Subcommittee on Data, Research, and Interagency
Coordination (the Data Subcommittee) coordinates the development and
analysis of drug-control information in support of the Strategy. The
Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998
defines ONDCP's reporting requirements to include "an assessment of
current drug use (including inhalants) and availability, impact of
drug use, and treatment availability." The legislation* specifies
that this assessment shall include the following:
(i)
estimates of drug prevalence and frequency of use as measured by national,
State, and local surveys of illicit drug use and by other special
studies of:
(I) casual
and chronic drug use;
(II) high-risk
populations, including school dropouts, the homeless and transient,
arrestees, parolees, probationers, and juvenile delinquents; and
(III) drug use
in the workplace and the productivity lost by such use;
(ii) an assessment
of the reduction of drug availability against an ascertained baseline,
as measured by:
(I) the quantities
of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, and other drugs
available for consumption in the United States;
(II) the amount
of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and precursor chemicals entering
the United States;
(III) the number
of hectares of marijuana, poppy, and coca cultivated and destroyed
domestically and in other countries;
(IV) the number
of metric tons of marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine
seized;
(V) the number
of cocaine and methamphetamine processing laboratories destroyed
domestically and in other countries;
(VI) changes
in the price and purity of heroin and cocaine, changes in the price
of methamphetamine, and changes in tetrahydrocannabinol level of
marijuana;
(VII) the amount
and type of controlled substances diverted from legitimate retail
and wholesale sources; and
(VIII) the effectiveness
of Federal technology programs at improving drug detection capabilities
in interdiction, and at United States ports of entry;
(iii) an assessment
of the reduction of the consequences of drug use and availability,
which shall include estimation of:
(I) the burden
drug users placed on hospital emergency departments in the United
States, such as the quantity of drug-related services provided;
(II) the annual
national health care costs of drug use, including costs associated
with people becoming infected with the human immuno-deficiency virus
and other infectious diseases as a result of drug use;
(III) the extent
of drug-related crime and criminal activity; and
(VI) the contribution
of drugs to the underground economy as measured by the retail value
of drugs sold in the United States;
(iv) a determination
of the status of drug treatment in the United States, by assessing:
(I) public
and private treatment capacity within each State, including information
on the treatment capacity available in relation to the capacity
actually used;
(II) the extent,
within each State, to which treatment is available;
(III) the number
of drug users the Director estimates could benefit from treatment;
and
(IV) the specific
factors that restrict the availability of treatment services to
those seeking it and proposed administrative or legislative remedies
to make treatment available to those individuals; and
(v) a review of
the research agenda of the Counter-Drug Technology Assessment Center
to reduce the availability and abuse of drugs.
Data are available
for many of the areas listed above; however, there are specific areas
for which measurement systems are not yet fully operational. The tables
presented in this appendix contain the most current drug-related data
on the areas the 1998 ONDCP Reauthorization Act requires ONDCP to
assess.
Improving
Federal Drug-Related Data Systems
ONDCP is supporting
an initiative to develop a comprehensive data system to inform drug
policy makers. It will support all ninety-seven targets that constitute
the Strategy's Performance Measures of Effectiveness (PME)
system. The ONDCP-coordinated Data Subcommittee is reviewing existing
data systems to identify "data gaps" and determine what modifications
can be made to enhance the system. SAMHSA, for example, is increasing
the sample size and scope of the NHSDA to provide state-by-state data
and greater information about drug use among twelve to seventeen-year-olds.
More frequent estimates of the social costs of drug abuse will be
made. ONDCP is continuing the development of a "cocaine flows" estimate
model.
This initiative
will improve the policy relevance of federal drug-related data systems
by bringing them into alignment with the PME system. The Data Subcommittee
has supported the following innovations:
- The National
Institute of Justice expanding and revising of the Drug Use Forecasting
program into the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) system. Plans
call for the expansion of ADAM to seventy-five sites with probability-based
samples representative of the respective metropolitan areas. The
new ADAM instrument will include questions to promote the estimation
of the prevalence of drug abuse among arrestee populations comparable
to those generated for the general household population. The first
ten new ADAM sites were funded by ONDCP in 1998.
- SAMHSA enlarged
the sample for the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse —
reaching nearly triple the size — permitting, for the first
time, estimation of drug-use prevalence at the state level. The
first wave of new data will be available in August 2000.
- SAMHSA/CSAT
is expected in FY 2001 to fund the implementation of the National
Treatment Outcome Monitoring System (NTOMS). NTOMS will combine
the work of two existing data systems currently funded by ONDCP:
the Drug Evaluation Network System, which provides real-time data
on treatment admission; and the Random Access Monitoring of Narcotics
Addicts system, which estimates the size and characteristics of
chronic drug-using populations. NTOMS will provide essential data
for the PME system on treatment, waiting time, and chronic users.
- SAMHSA/CSAP
has several activities to promote state data systems. For example,
twenty states now voluntarily collect common process and capacity
data using software developed under Minimum Data Set I (MDSI), which
permits collection from the provider through the substate, state,
and federal system levels. Similarly, states can voluntarily report
on five common outcome measures, consistent with ONDCP PMEs, in
the pilot SAPT block grant application for FY2000.
ONDCP is currently
leading an interagency effort to develop drug-flow models — from
source countries through availability in the United States —
for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Results from
this project are providing critical measures for the PME system, enabling
assessment of the nation's supply-reduction programs.
Data
Source Descriptions
The following
sections provide brief descriptions of the major data sources used
to develop this appendix.
What America's
Users Spend on Illegal Drugs: 1988-1998 (Source for Tables 1, 3, 41,
and 47)
This report estimates
total U.S. expenditures on illicit drugs based on available drug supply
and demand data. Data are provided on estimated numbers of users,
yearly, and weekly expenditures for drugs, trends in drug supply,
and retail prices of drugs. Abt Associates, Inc. first wrote the report
for ONDCP in 1993. It was updated in 1995, 1997, and 1999.
National Household
Survey on Drug Abuse (Source for Tables 2 and 4)
The National Household
Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) measures the prevalence of drug and alcohol
use among household members aged twelve and older. Topics include
drug use, health, and demographics. In 1991, the NHSDA was expanded
to include college students in dormitories, persons living in homeless
shelters, and civilians living on military bases. The NHSDA was administered
by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) from 1974 through 1991;
the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
has administered the survey since 1992.
Monitoring
the Future: A Continuing Study of the Lifestyles and Values of Youth
(Source for Tables 5 and 6)
Often referred
to as the "High School Senior Survey," the Monitoring the Future
(MTF) study provides information on drug use trends as well as changes
in values, behaviors, and lifestyle orientations of American youth.
The study examines drug-related issues, including recency of drug
use, perceived harmfulness of drugs, disapproval of drug use, and
perceived availability of drugs. Although the focus of the MTF study
has been high school seniors and graduates who complete follow-up
surveys, eighth and tenth graders were added to the study sample in
1991. The University of Michigan has conducted the study under a grant
from NIDA since 1975.
Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (Source for Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 14)
The Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a component of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance
System (YRBSS), maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). The YRBSS currently has the following three complementary
components: (1) national school-based surveys, (2) state and local
school-based surveys, and (3) a national household-based survey. Each
of these components provides unique information about various sub-populations
of adolescents in the United States. The school-based survey was initiated
in 1990, and the household-based survey was conducted in 1992. The
school-based survey is conducted biennially in odd-numbered years
throughout the decade among national probability samples of ninth
through twelfth graders from public and private schools. Schools with
a large proportion of black and Hispanic students are over sampled
to provide stable estimates for these subgroups. The 1992 Youth Risk
Behavior Supplement was administered to one in-school youth and up
to two out-of-school youths in each family selected for the National
Health Interview Survey. In 1992, 10,645 youth aged twelve to twenty-one
were included in the YRBS sample. The purpose of the supplement was
to provide information on a broader base of youth, including those
not currently attending school, than usually is obtained with surveys
and to obtain accurate information on the demographic characteristics
of the household in which the youth reside. Another component of the
YRBSS is the national Alternative High School Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (ALT-YRBS). Conducted in 1998, ALT-YRBS results are based on
a nationally representative sample of 8,918 students enrolled in alternative
high schools, who are at high risk for failing or dropping out of
regular high school or who have been expelled from regular high school
because of illegal activity or behavioral problems.
PRIDE USA Survey
(Source for Table 11)
The National Parent's
Resource Institute for Drug Education (PRIDE) conducts an annual survey
of drug use by middle school and high school students. The PRIDE survey
collects data from students in sixth through twelfth grades and is
conducted during the school year between September and June. Participating
schools are sent the questionnaires with detailed instructions for
administering the anonymous, self-report instrument. Schools participate
on a voluntary basis or in compliance with a school or state request.
The study conducted during the 1998-99 school year involved approximately
135,000 students in 28 states.
Current Population
Survey (Source for Table 13)
As mandated by
the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 2, the U.S. Bureau of the
Census has conducted a census every ten years since 1790. The primary
purpose of the census is to provide population counts needed to apportion
seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and subsequently determine
state legislative district boundaries. The information collected also
provides insight on population size and a broad range of demographic
background information on the population living in each geographic
area. The individual information in the census is grouped together
into statistical totals. Information such as the number of persons
in a given area, their ages, educational background, and the characteristics
of their housing enable government, business, and industry to plan
more effectively.
The Monetary
Value of Saving a High-Risk Youth (Source for Tables 15 and 16)
Based on estimates
of the social costs associated with the typical career criminal, the
typical drug user, and the typical high school dropout, this study
calculates the average monetary value of saving a high-risk youth.
The base data for establishing the estimates are derived from other
studies and official crime data that provide information on numbers
and types of crimes committed by career criminals, as well as the
costs associated with these crimes and with drug abuse and dropping
out of school.
Arrestee Drug
Abuse Monitoring/Drug Use Forecasting Program (Source for Tables 17
through 22)
The National Institute
of Justice established the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program in 1987
to provide an objective assessment of the drug problem among those
arrested and charged with crimes. In 1997 this program became the
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. The ADAM program collected
data in thirty-five major metropolitan sites across the United States
in 1998, up from twenty-three in 1997. Arrestees are interviewed and
asked to provide urine specimens that are tested for evidence of drug
use. Urinalysis results can be matched to arrestee characteristics
to help monitor trends in drug use. The sample size of the data set
varies from site to site. The majority of sites each collect data
from 300 to 700 adult male arrestees, 100 to 300 female arrestees
(at thirty-two sites), and 150 to 300 juvenile male arrestees (at
thirteen sites). Together, the 1998 data comprised 20,716 adult male
arrestees, 6,700 adult female arrestees, and 3,134 juvenile male arrestees.
The ADAM system is expanding to more cities in the coming years.
Substance Abuse
among Probationers and State and Federal Prisoners (Source for Table
23)
Conducted by the
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, Department
of Justice, the 1997 Survey on Inmates in State and Federal Correctional
Facilities comprises 14,285 interviews for the state survey and 4,041
for the federal survey using computer assisted personal interviewing
(published in December 1998). The survey is conducted every five to
six years. The first national survey of adults on probation was conducted
in 1995 by BJS and provides information on drug use from personal
interviews with a national representative sample of over 2,000 adult
probationers under active supervision (published in March 1998).
Homelessness:
Programs and the People They Serve (Source for Tables 24 to 26)
The National Survey
of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients provides a full picture
of homeless service users in late 1996. It provides updated information
about the providers of homeless assistance services and the characteristics
of homeless clients who use these services. Information from this
survey was intended for use by federal agencies responsible for administering
homeless assistance programs and other interested parties. The survey
was conceived, developed, and funded by twelve federal agencies under
the auspices of the Interagency Council on the Homeless, a working
group of the White House Domestic Policy Council. The Census Bureau
carried out the data collection on behalf of the sponsoring agencies.
The Survey, released in December 1999, provides the first opportunity
since 1987 to update the national picture of homelessness in a comprehensive
and reliable way.
The Economic
Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States (Source for Table
27)
The NIDA and the
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) commissioned
this study to estimate the economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse
in the United States. The study, which was released in 1998, is based
on 1992 data and includes estimates for 1995. Before this report,
the last complete cost estimate using detailed data was for 1985.
National Vital
Statistics Report (Source for Table 28)
Data on drug-induced
deaths are based on information from all death certificates filed
(2.3 million in 1997) in the fifty states and the District of Columbia.
Information from the states is provided to the National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS), a component of CDC. NCHS tabulates causes
of death attributable to drug-induced mortality, including drug psychoses,
drug dependence, nondependent drug use not including alcohol and tobacco,
accidental poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biologicals, suicide
by drugs, medicaments and biologicals, assault from poisoning by drugs
and medicaments, and poisoning by drugs, medicaments, and biologicals,
undetermined whether accidentally or purposely inflicted. Drug-induced
causes exclude accidents, homicides, and other causes indirectly related
to drug use. Also excluded are newborn deaths associated with mother's
drug use.
Drug Abuse
Warning Network (Source for Table 29)
The Drug Abuse
Warning Network (DAWN) provides data on drug-related emergency department
episodes and medical examiner cases. DAWN assists federal, state,
and local drug policy makers to examine drug use patterns and trends
and assess health hazards associated with drug abuse. Data are available
on deaths and emergency department episodes by type of drug, reason
for taking the drug, demographic characteristics of the user, and
metropolitan area. NIDA maintained DAWN from 1982 through 1991; SAMHSA
has maintained it since 1992.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Report (Source for Tables 30 and 31)
The HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Reports contain tabular and graphic information about U.S. AIDS and
HIV case reports, including data by state, metropolitan statistical
area, mode of exposure to HIV, sex, race/ethnicity, age group, vital
status, and case definition category. The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention,
National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, a component of CDC,
publishes it semi-annually. Data on mode of exposure to HIV are of
interest to the Strategy in light of the role of injection drug use
in HIV transmission.
Reported Tuberculosis
in the United States (Source for Table 32)
The TB Surveillance
Reports contain tabular and graphic information about reported tuberculosis
cases collected from 59 reporting areas (the 50 states, the District
of Columbia, New York City, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and
independent nations in free association with the United States). The
reports include statistics on tuberculosis case counts and case rates
by states and metropolitan statistical areas with tables of selected
demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, age
group, country of origin, form of disease, drug resistance, etc).
The Division of TB Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and TB
Prevention, a component of CDC, publishes the reports annually. The
reports also include information on injection drug use and non-injection
drug use among TB cases.
Summary of
Notifiable Diseases (Source for Table 33)
This publication
contains summary tables of the official statistics for the reported
occurrence of nationally notifiable diseases in the United States,
including hepatitis. These statistics are collected and compiled from
reports to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, which
is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and
Territorial Epidemiologists. These data are finalized and published
in CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Review Summary of Notifiable
Diseases, United States for use by state and local health departments;
schools of medicine and public health; communications media; local,
state, and federal agencies; and other agencies or persons interested
in following the trends of reportable diseases in the United States.
The annual publication of the Summary also documents which diseases
are considered national priorities for notification and the annual
number of cases of such diseases.
Uniform Crime
Reports (Source for Tables 34 and 35)
The Uniform Crime
Reports (UCR) is a nationwide census of thousands of city, county,
and state law- enforcement agencies. The goal of the UCR is to count
in a standardized manner the number of offenses, arrests, and clearances
known to police. Each law-enforcement agency voluntarily reports data
on crimes. Data are reported for the following nine index offenses:
murder and manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault,
burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Data on
drug arrests, including arrests for possession, sale, and manufacturing
of drugs, are included in the database. Distributions of arrests for
drug abuse violations by demographics and geographic areas also are
available. UCR data have been collected since 1930; the FBI has collected
data under a revised system since 1991.
Survey of Inmates
of Local Jails (Source for Table 36)
The Survey of
Inmates of Local Jails provides nationally representative data on
inmates held in local jails, including those awaiting trials or transfers
and those serving sentences. Survey topics include inmate characteristics,
offense histories, drug use, and drug treatment. The Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJS) has conducted the survey every five to six years
since 1972.
Survey of Inmates
in Federal Correctional Facilities and Survey of Inmates in State
Correctional Facilities (Source for Table 36)
The Survey of
Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities (SIFCF) and Survey of Inmates
in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF) provide comprehensive background
data on inmates in federal and state correctional facilities, based
on confidential interviews with a sample of inmates. Topics include
current offenses and sentences, criminal histories, family and personal
backgrounds, gun possession and use, prior alcohol and drug treatment,
and educational programs and other services provided in prison. The
SIFCF and SISCF were sponsored jointly in 1991 by the BJS and the
Bureau of Prisons and conducted by the Census Bureau. Similar surveys
of state prison inmates were conducted in 1974, 1979, and 1986. The
most recent SIFCF and SISCF were conducted in 1997.
National Prisoner
Statistics Program (Source for Table 36)
The National Prisoner
Statistics Program provides an advance count of federal, state, and
local prisoners immediately after the end of each calendar year, with
a final count published by the BJS later in the year.
Uniform Facility
Data Set/National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Unit Survey (Source
for Tables 37, 38 and 40)
The Uniform Facility
Data Set (UFDS) measures the location, scope, and characteristics
of drug abuse and alcoholism treatment facilities throughout the United
States. The survey collects data on unit ownership, type, and scope
of services provided; sources of funding; number of clients; treatment
capacities; and utilization rates. Data are reported for a point prevalence
date in the fall of the year in which the survey is administered.
Many questions focus on the twelve months prior to that date. The
UFDS, then called the National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Unit
Survey (NDATUS), was administered jointly by NIDA and the National
Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism from 1974 to 1991. Since
1992 SAMHSA has administered UFDS.
National Drug
Treatment Requirements (Source for Table 39)
The U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services (HHS) is mandated by Congress to report
to the Office of Management and Budget on its goals for enrolling
drug abusers in treatment facilities and the progress it has made
in achieving those goals. HHS provides data on the estimated number
of clients who receive treatment, as well as persons who need treatment
but are not in treatment.
System To Retrieve
Information From Drug Evidence (Source for Table 42)
The System To
Retrieve Information From Drug Evidence (STRIDE) compiles data on
illegal substances purchased, seized, or acquired in DEA investigations.
Data are gathered on the type of drug seized or bought, drug purity,
location of confiscation, street price of the drug, and other characteristics.
Data on drug exhibits from the FBI; the Metropolitan Police Department
of the District of Columbia; and some exhibits submitted by other
federal, state, and local agencies also are included in STRIDE. STRIDE
data have been compiled by DEA since 1971.
Federal-Wide
Drug Seizure System (Source for Table 43)
The Federal-Wide
Drug Seizure System (FDSS) is an online computerized system that stores
information about drug seizures made within the jurisdiction of the
United States by the DEA, FBI, Customs Service, and Coast Guard. The
FDSS database includes drug seizures by other Federal agencies (e.g.,
the Immigration and Naturalization Service) to the extent that custody
of the drug evidence was transferred to one of the four agencies identified
above. The database includes information from STRIDE, the Customs
Law Enforcement Activity Report, and the U.S. Coast Guard's Law Enforcement
Information System. The FDSS has been maintained by the DEA since
1988.
International
Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Source for Tables 46, 49 to 55)
The International
Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) provides the President with
information on the steps taken by the main illicit drug-producing
and transiting countries to prevent drug production, trafficking,
and related money laundering during the previous year. The INCSR helps
determine how cooperative a country has been in meeting legislative
requirements in various geographic areas. Production estimates by
source country also are provided.
Estimating
Cocaine Flow: The Sequential Transition and Reduction (STAR) Model,
1996-1998 (Source for Table 48)
ONDCP is developing
a flow model for cocaine, called the Sequential Reduction and Transition
(STAR) Model. The STAR model takes each of four point-estimates and
uses transition matrices to estimate availability at all the other
stages. These four independent measures are: (1) potential production
estimate, an imagery-based estimate of the coca crop combined with
and coca cultivation studies, (2) Interagency Cocaine Movement Assessment
estimate, an event-based estimate of cocaine departing source areas,
(3) an estimate of cocaine crossing the U.S. border based on the allocation
of domestic resources and interdiction efficiency, and (4) a domestic
consumption estimate. As a result, availability estimates at each
stage of cocaine's movement, from source to consumer, are a composite
of point-estimates. Abt Associates, Inc. prepared a report describing
this model for ONDCP in 1999.
List
of Tables
Table
1. Total U.S. Expenditures on Illicit Drugs, 198898 ($
Billions)
Table
2. Trends in Selected Drug Use Indicators, 197998
Table
3. Estimated Number of Hardcore and Occasional Users of
Cocaine and Heroin, 198895 (Thousands)
Table
4. Drug Use by Current Employment Status, 199598 (Percent
Prevalence)
Table
5. Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Selected Drugs Among
8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 199199
Table
6. Trends in Harmfulness of Drugs as Perceived by 8th,
10th, and 12th Graders, 199199
Table
7. Percentage of High School Students Who Used Selected
Drugs by Sex and Grade, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997
Table
8. Percentage of High School Students Who Used Selected
Drugs by Race/Ethnicity, 1993, 1995, and 1997
Table
9. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Engaging
in Drug-Related Behaviors on School Property, by Sex and Grade, 1993,
1995, and 1997
Table
10. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Engaging in Drug-Related
Behaviors, by Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 1993, 1995, and 1997
Table
11. Prevalence of Monthly Drug Use Among 6th8th, 9th12th, and 12th
graders, 199495 through 199899
Table
12. Percentage of Alternative High School Students Who Used Selected
Drugs by Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Grade, 1998
Table
13. Dropout Rates for Persons 18 to 24 Years Old by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,
198096
Table
14. Past-Month Drug Use for Youth Ages 1221, by Age, Dropout Status,
Type of Drug Used, and Race/Ethnicity: 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
(Percent Prevalence)
Table
15. The Lifetime Costs of Dropping Out of High School (1993 Dollars)
Table
16. Summary of the Monetary Value of Saving a High-Risk Youth
Table
17. Percentage of Adult Booked Arrestees Who Used Any Drug, by Sex:
199198
Table
18. Percentage of Adult Booked Arrestees Who Used Marijuana, by Sex:
199198
Table
19. Percentage of Adult Booked Arrestees Who Used Cocaine, by Sex:
199198
Table
20. Percentage of Adult Booked Arrestees Who Used Opiates, by Sex:
199198
Table
21. Percentage of Adult Booked Arrestees Who Used Methamphetamine,
by Sex: 199198
Table
22. Percentage of Juvenile Male Booked Arrestees Who Used Selected
Drugs, 199497
Table
23. Substance Abuse among Probationers, State Prison Inmates, and
Federal Prison Inmates
Table
24. Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Health (ADM) Problems Among Homeless
Clients, 1996
Table
25. Characteristics Perceived by Respondents to Prevent Exit from
Homelessness, 1996
Table
26. Substance Use Experiences by Homeless Status, 1996
Table
27. Lost Potential Productivity Due to Drug Abuse, 1992 and 1995 (Millions
of Current Dollars)
Table
28. Number of Deaths and Death Rates for Drug-Induced Causes, 19791987
Table
29. Trends in Drug-Related Emergency Room Episodes and Selected Drug
Mentions, 198898
Table
30. Estimated Number of Persons Living with AIDS by Sex and Exposure
Category, 199398
Table
31. Estimated Number of Deaths of Persons with AIDS by Sex and Exposure
Category, 199398
Table
32. Reported Tuberculosis Cases and Percent of Cases in Injecting
and Noninjecting Drug Users 199698
Table
33. Reported Hepatitis Cases, 199597
Table
34. Total Crime, Violent Crime, and Property Crime and Drug Arrests,
198998
Table
35. Total Estimated Arrests and Drug Arrests, 198998
Table
36. Adults in Custody of State or Federal Prisons or Local Jails,
198998
Table
37. One-Day Census of Clients in Treatment, by Facility Service Orientation,
198098
Table
38. One-Day Census of Clients in Alcohol and/or Drug Abuse Treatment,
by Age Group and Sex, 198798
Table
39. Estimates of Number of Persons Needing and Receiving Treatment
for Drug Abuse Problems, 199198 (Thousands)
Table
40. Number of clients in treatment per 100,000 population aged 12
and over by substance abuse problem, according to State or jurisdiction:
October 1, 1997
Table
41. Trends in Cocaine Supply, 198997 (Metric Tons)
Table
42. Average Price and Purity of Cocaine and Heroin in the United States,
198198
Table
43. Federalwide Cocaine, Heroin, and Cannabis Seizures, Fiscal Years
198998
Table
44. Eradicated Domestic Cannabis by Plant Type, 198297 (Number of
Plants in Thousands)
Table
45. Methamphetamine Lab Seizures, by State: 199598
Table
46. Estimated Worldwide Potential Net Production, 198898 (Metric
Tons)
Table
47. Domestic Drug Consumption, Calendar Years 199698 (Metric Tons)
Table
48. Amount of Drugs Entering the U.S., Calendar Years 199698 (Metric
Tons)
Table
49. Amount of Coca Leaf Cultivated and Eradicated, Calendar Years
198798 (Hectares)
Table
50. Amount of Opium Poppy Cultivated and Eradicated, Calendar Years
199098 (Hectares)
Table
51. Amount of Marijuana Cultivated and Eradicated, Calendar Years
199098 (Hectares)
Table
52. Amount of Cocaine Seized, Calendar Years 199098 (Metric Tons)
Table
53. Amount of Heroin Seized by Foreign Countries, Calendar Years 199098
(Kilograms)
Table
54. Amount of Marijuana Seized by Foreign Countries, Calendar Years
199098 (Metric Tons)
Table
55. Number of Drug Labs Destroyed, Calendar Years 199098
