Endnotes for Chapter 3

1 Yoshikawa, H., "Long-Tem Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Social Outcomes and Delinquency," Future of Children, 1995, 5 (3): 51-75.

2 Professor Jay Winsten from Harvard’s School of Public Health used television to introduce the concept of a "designated driver," not via the typical public service announcement, but instead by incorporating scenes and dialogue that conveyed a message about not driving while drunk. With assistance from then NBC Chairman Grant Tinker, Winsten met with more than 250 writers, producers, and directors. As a result, the "designated driver" message aired on 160 prime-time shows. A year after the "designated driver" concept was invented, a Gallup Poll found that 67 percent of adults had noted its appearance on network television.

3 On-line resources include: www.whitehousedrugpolicy.org/; prevention.samhsa.gov; www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/; www.health.org/.

4 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Prevention Works Through Community Partnerships: Findings from SAMHSA/CSAP’s National Evaluation, DHHS Publication No. (SMA)00-3373, Printed 2000, p. 5. Monograph. The study found that adults reporting less illicit drug use also referred to four conditions, correlated with lower rates of substance use. These include 1) living in an anti-drug partnership community, 2) being involved in substance abuse prevention activities, 3) living in a neighborhood perceived to have minimal illicit drug trading or illicit drug markets, and 4) having a disapproving attitude toward the use of illicit drugs.

5 Information about the "Prevention Through Service" Alliance can be obtained at http://www.ptsa.net/, January 29, 1999.

6 SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, Summary of Findings from the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3328, 1999.

7 SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs: Results from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Released September 8, 1999) [Fact sheet and Highlights available at http://oas.samhsa.gov/NHSDA/A-11/TOC.htm]

8 National Association of Treatment Providers, Treatment is the Answer: A White Paper on the Cost-Effectiveness of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency Treatment (Laguna Hills, CA, March, 1991). As cited on: http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/drugs/workingpartners/screen15.htm, March 19, 1999.

9 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH, NIAAA, and R.W.J., The Worksite Alcohol Study, 1998.

10 SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, An Analysis of Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs: Results from the 1994 and 1997 NHSDA, Analytic Series A-11, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3352 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September 1999), http://oas.samhsa.gov/NHSDA/A-11/TOC.htm, January 22, 2000.

11 Committee on the Health and Safety Implications of Child Labor, et. al. Protecting Youth At Work: Health, Safety, and Development of Working children and Adolescents in the United States (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998), Pp. 2-5.

12 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Division of Workplace Programs, Annual Survey of Federal Agency Drug Free Workplace - 1997, In Press, March 1999, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistics Source Book 1998, p. 94; Quest Diagnostic, Inc., 1998, Quest Drug Testing Index 1997 Report.

13 SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, An Analysis of Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs: Results from the 1994 and 1997 NHSDA, Analytic Series A-11, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3352, p. 9, http://oas.samhsa.gov/NHSDA/A-11/TOC.htm, January 22, 2000.

14 Ibid.

15 Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Selected Findings in Prevention: A Decade of Results from the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1997.

16 Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Quest Drug Testing Index ,Teterboro, NJ, October 19, 1999.

17 Workplace Drug Testing and Drug Abuse Policies, American Management Association, 1996, 1601 Broadway, New York, NY.

18 1-800-WORKPLACE, staffed since 1989 by experts providing
personalized assistance to employers, labor unions, and community-based organizations regarding the "how to" of worksite substance abuse prevention and intervention strategies. In 1999, Helpline received more than 4,500 calls from small businesses. In follow-up calls, more than 50 percent of those contacted reported taking action as a result of information received via Helpline.

19 To date, SAMHSA/CSAP has distributed more than 100,000 copies of Making You Workplace Drug Free: A Kit for Employers through the above Web site, including a Spanish language version through a cooperative venture with Mexico. Information about SAMHSA workplace initiatives can be obtained at the Web site given above, or by e-mail at helpline@samhsa.gov.

20 This Web site provides outreach to small businesses, a Substance Abuse Information Database, and the interactive Drug-Free Workplace Advisor. To date, Working Partners has armed two-thousand business associations and labor organizations with information and other resources to implement effective drug-free workplace programs, and has answered more than twenty-one thousand customer inquiries about the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 and similar issues.

21 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Adolescent Time, Risky Behavior, and Outcomes: An Analysis of National Data, September 1995.

22 Information about the ONDCP Athletic Initiative can be obtained at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/prevent/sports/index.html), January 29, 1999.

23 The Coach’s Playbook Against Drugs can be viewed at http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/coachesplaybook/, January 29, 1999.

24 As "medical use" may be defined in different ways, it is important to underscore that "medical use" is not the equivalent of "recreational use."

25 Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, Institute of Medicine, Janet E. Joy, Stanley J. Watson, Jr., and John A. Benson, Jr., Editors, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998.

26 United Nations International Drug Control Programme, International Narcotics Control Board, "Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1998." United Nations Publication. 1999, http://www.incb.org/e/ar/1998/chp3.htm, February 7, 2000.

27 United Nations International Drug Control Programme, International Narcotics Control Board, "Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1998," United Nations Publication, 1999, http://www.incb.org/e/ar/1998/chp2.htm, February 7, 2000.

28 Congressional Legislation, Controlled Substances Act, 21 CFR 1308.

29 Industrial Hemp in the United States: Status and Market Potential, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, January 2000, http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ages001e/.

30 The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. No Safe Haven: Children of Substance Abusing Parents (New York, NY: The National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999); U.S. General Accounting Office, Foster Care Agencies Face Challenges Securing Stable Homes for Children of Substance Abusers (Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1998); Child Welfare League of America. Alcohol and Other Drug Survey of State Child Welfare Agencies (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1998).

31 The Legal Action Center, Making Welfare Reform Work: Tools for Confronting Alcohol and Drug Problems Among Welfare Recipients (New York, NY: Legal Action Center, 1997).

32 The following discussion of addiction is based primarily on articles and speeches by Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D. Dr. Leshner is Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. A fuller discussion of addiction by Dr. Leshner can be found in Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice Journal, "Addiction Is a Brain Disease - and It Matters," October 1998.

33 Child Welfare League of America. Alcohol and Other Drug Survey of State Child Welfare Agencies (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1998).

34 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Substance Use Among Women in the United States, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997).

35 Kessler, R., Nelson, C., McGonagle, K. "The Epidemiology of Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders: Implications for Prevention and Service Utilization," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1996; 66, pp. 17-31.

36 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, The Costs and Effects of Parity for Mental Health and Substance Abuse Insurance Benefits, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,1998), http://www.mentalhealth.org, January 29, 1999.

37 CSAT Technical Assistance Publication (TAP) No. 21, Addiction Counseling Competencies: The Knowledge, Skill, and Attitudes of Professional Practice, is available online through the National Addiction Technology Transfer Centers’ Coordinating Center, http://www.nattc.org, January 29, 1999.

38 Mumola, Christopher, Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners 1997, NCJ:172871 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 1998).

39 Christopher Mumola, Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners 1997.

40 Mumola, Christopher, Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners 1997, p.10.

41 Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, TRIAD Drug Treatment Evaluation, Six-Month Report, Executive Summary, p.1, http://www.bop.gov/triad.html, January 29, 1999.

42 Martin, Butzin, Saum, and Inciardi, The Prison Journal (New York: 1999), p. 34.

43 More information about Drug Courts can be obtained at (http://www.ndci.org/), January 29, 1999.

44 Belenko S., "Research on Drug Courts: a Critical Review," National Drug Court Institute Review, 1 (1), 1998.

45 More information about TASC can be obtained at (http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/tasc.txt), January 29, 1999.

46 Mumola, Christopher, Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners 1997.

47 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1998), http://www.nida.nih.gov/EconomicCosts/Chapter1.html#1.10, January 11, 2000.

48 The Internal Revenue Service’s Criminal Investigative Division estimates that 25 percent of its investigations are drug-related.

49 The Annunzio-Wylie Anti-money Laundering Act (P.L. 102-550) authorized the reporting of suspicious transactions. The second, the Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-325) expanded the policies of Annunzio-Wylie, to include the designation of Treasury as the single collection point for the suspicious transaction reports. The Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994 also expanded Annuzio-Wylie to require registration with the Treasury of money transmitters, check cashiers, and currency exchange houses.

50 MSBs include businesses and their authorized agents who provide the distinct but often-complementary services of money transmission, check cashing, currency exchange, and the issuance, sale and redemption of money orders and traveler’s checks.

51 The Web site www.epgctac.com provides up-to-date information about the Counterdrug technology Transfer Program.

52 Congressional testimony of General Charles E. Wilhelm, Commander-in-Chief, United States Southern Command, June 22, 1999.

53 DCI Crime and Narcotics Center, Major Coca & Opium Producer Nations, 1994-1998, p. 5.

54 DCI Crime and Narcotics Center, Crop Assessment Briefing, Bolivia, January 2000.

55 DCI Crime and Narcotics Center, Crop Assessment Briefing, Peru, January 2000.

56 Ibid.

57 DCI Crime and Narcotics Center, Revised Crop Assessment Briefing for Colombia, January 2000.

58 Worldwide heroin production estimates are from the U.S. Department of State, 1998 International Narcotics Control Report. The Crime and Narcotics Center (Central Intelligence Agency)’s estimate indicates 18 metric tons of heroin are being delivered to the United States.

59 Crime and Narcotics Center (CNC) briefing, February 2000. Colombian cultivation estimates assumes that three crops per year will be planted by the regions’ farmers; therefore, a relatively small amount of land detected — 2,500 — results in a larger year-end cultivation estimate.

60 The Methamphetamine Interagency Task Force brought together federal and non-federal experts who reviewed current practices regarding methamphetamine. The Task Force published a report that describes the methamphetamine problem and makes recommendations in the areas of law enforcement, prevention and education, and treatment. The report also establishes research priorities to advance the understanding of the nature and effects of the methamphetamine problem and to measure the effectiveness of prevention, enforcement, and treatment interventions. A final section discusses promising strategies that the federal government should undertake to assist communities in combating methamphetamine. The Task Force Co-Chairs announced in January that demonstration programs will be developed in several cities, using the local U.S. Attorney’s office to facilitate local prevention, treatment and law enforcement strategies to combat the spread of methamphetamine.

61 Section 705(a)(2)(B)(3) of the ONDCP Reauthorization Act of 1998.

62 World Drug Report, p. 124. The report notes that "many estimates have been made of the total revenue accruing to the illicit drug industry - most range from US$300bn to US$500bn. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the true figure lies somewhere around the US$400bn level. A US$400bn turnover would be equivalent to approximately 8 per cent of total international trade. In 1994 this figure would have been larger than the international trade in iron and steel and motor vehicles and about the same size as the total international trade in textiles."

63 United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, ODCCP Studies on Drugs and Crime, Global Illicit Drug Trends, 1999, New York, 1999.

64 Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota, Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia 1996, p. 95.

65 Ministry of Health/CONADIC, "Drug Use in Mexico—Diagnosis, Trends and Actions," 1999, p. 37.

66 Drug Enforcement Administration, The Diversion of Drugs and Chemicals, p. 14.