¹ Causes of death attributable to drug-induced ICD-9 No. 292, drug psychoses; No. 304, drug dependence; Nos. 305.2-305.9, nondependent use of drugs not including alcohol and tobacco; Nos. E850-E858, accidental poisoning by drugs, medicaments, and biologicals; Nos. E950.0-E950.5, suicide by drugs, medicaments, and biologicals; No. E962.0, assault from poisoning by drugs and medicaments; and Nos. E980.0-E980.5, poisoning by drugs, medicaments, and biologicals, undetermined whether accidentally or purposely inflicted. Drug-induced causes exclude accidents, homicides, and other causes indirectly related to drug use. Also excluded are newborn deaths associated with mother's drug use.

² "Black is a subgroup of "All Non-White."

Source: Hoyert, D.L., Kochanek, K.D., Murphy, S.L. "Deaths: Final Data for 1997." National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 47, No. 19, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 1999.