1 Yoshikawa, H., Long Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Social Outcomes and Delinquency Future of Children, 1995,
5 (3): 51-75.
2 Listed below are recent publications and reports. These documents are available on-line at www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS.
2000 Annual Report on School Safety
Safeguarding Our Children: An Action Guide
Report on State Implementation of the Gun-Free Schools
Act (GFSA)—School Year 1998-99
The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in
U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies
3 On-line resources include: www.whitehousedrugpolicy.org/; prevention.samhsa.gov; www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/; www.health.org/.
4 www.cadca.org.
5 www.jointogether.org.
6 Information about the “Prevention Through Service” Alliance can be obtained at (http://www.ptsa.net/), January 29, 1999.
7 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, Summary of Findings from the 1998
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, NHSDA Series H-10,
DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 99-3328 (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, August 1999).
8 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Division of Workplace Programs,
Annual Survey of Federal Agency Drug Free Workplace—1998.
9 Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Quest Drug Testing Index, Teterboro, New Jersey, June 20, 2000.
10 HHS, Adolescent Time, Risky Behavior, and Outcomes: An Analysis of National Data, September 1995; NFHS, The Case for High School Activities, undated, available at www.nfhs.org; Collingwood, T., et al., Physical Fitness Effects on Substance Abuse Risk
Factors and Use Patterns, 1991 and; Shields, E., Sociodemographic
Analysis of Drug-Use among Adolescent Athletes: Observations—Perceptions of Athletic Directors-Coaches, Thirty Adolescence 839-861, 1995.
11 Johnston, L.D., O’Malley, P.M., & Bachman, J.G., National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future study,
1975-1998 Volume I: Secondary School Students, NIH Publication No. 99-4660, (Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1999), c. 420.
12 Johnston, L.D., O’Malley, P.M., & Bachman, J.G.,, National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future study, Volume I: Secondary school students, NIH Publication No. 99-4660, (Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2000.
13 United Nations International Drug Control Programme, International
Narcotics Control Board, “Report of the International
Narcotics Control Board for 1998.” United Nations Publication.
1999, http://www.incb.org/e/ar/1998/chp.htm, February 7,
2000.
14 These reports entitled “Addressing Substance Abuse problems
Among TANF Recipients: A Guide for Program Administrators,”
and “Addressing Mental Health Problems Among TANF Recipients:
A Guide for Program Administrators” will be available
on-line at: http://www.acf.gov/
15 The following discussion of addiction is based primarily on articles
and speeches by Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D. Dr. Leshner is director
of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. A fuller discussion of
addiction by Leshner can be found in Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice Journal,
“Addiction Is a Brain Disease—and It Matters,” October 1998.
16 Child Welfare League of America. Alcohol and Other Drug Survey of State Child Welfare Agencies, (Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1998).
17 Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Use Among
Women in the United States, (Washington, D.C.: 1997).
18 Kessler, R., Nelson, C., McGonagle, K. “The Epidemiology of
Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders: Implications for
Prevention and Service Utilization,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,
1996; 66, pp. 17-31.
19 Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration. The Costs and Effects of
Parity for Mental Health and Substance Abuse Insurance Benefits,
(Washington, D.C.: 1998), available online at (http://www.mentalhealth.
org), January 29, 1999.
20 National Center on Addiction and Substance abuse at Columbia
University: “Missed Opportunity: National Survey of Primary
Care Physicians and Patients on Substance Abuse,” April 2000.
21 Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory and Application, July
2000, Vol. 19, No. 7.
22 National Institute of Justice, 1999 Annual Report on Drug Use
Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, June 2000, p. 1.
23 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners
in 1999, August 2000, p. 13.
24 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners
in 1999, August 2000, p. 10.
25 Steven S. Martin, Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, James A.
Inciardi, “Three-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community
Treatment for Drug-Involved Offenders in Delaware: From
Prison to Work Release to Aftercare,” The Prison Journal, Vol. 79
No.3, September 1999 294-320 ,Sage Publications, Inc.
26 Kevin Knight, D. Dwayne Simpson, Matthew L. Hiller Three-Year
Reincarceration Outcomes for In-Prison Therapeutic
Community Treatment in Texas, pp.337-351.
27 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners
in 1999, August 2000, p. 10.
28 Stephen James, “State Prison Expenditures, 1996,” Bureau of Justice
Statistics, August 1999.
29 More information about drug courts can be obtained at
(http://www.drugcourt.org/), January 29, 1999.
30 Belenko S., “Research on Drug Courts: a Critical Review,”
National Drug Court Institute Review, 1 (1), 1998.
31 More information about TASC can be obtained at
(http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/tasc.txt), January 29, 1999.
32 Mumola, Christopher, Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and
Federal Prisoners 1997.
33 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, The Economic Costs of Alcohol and
Drug Abuse in the United States (Rockville, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 1998),
http://www.nida.nih.gov/EconomicCosts/Chapter1.html#1.10,
January 11, 2000.
34 The Internal Revenue Service’s Criminal Investigative Division
estimates that 25 percent of its investigations are drug-related.
35 The Annunzio-Wylie Anti-money Laundering Act (P.L. 102-550)
authorized the reporting of suspicious transactions. The Money
Laundering Suppression Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-325) expanded the
policies of Annunzio-Wylie to include the designation of Treasury
as the single collection point for suspicious transaction reports.
The Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994 also expanded
Annuzio-Wylie to require registration with the Treasury of money
transmitters, check cashiers, and currency-exchange houses.
36 The following discussion is based on memoranda to ONDCP
Director McCaffrey from the Departments of the Interior and
Agriculture, Forest Service, dated November 7 and 8, 2000
respectively. State and local views are found in responses to the
National Drug Intelligence Center’s 2000 survey for the 2000
National Drug Threat Assessment.
37 Ibid. In addition, there are some 1,100 non-federal Tribal police
officers.
38 U.S. Customs Service press release, U.S. Customs Seizes 750 Tons
of Illicit Drugs in FY 2000, November 16, 2000.
39 Interagency Commission on Crime and Security in U.S. Seaports,
August 2000 Report, iii.
40 DCI Crime and Narcotics Center, Major Coca and Opium Producer
Nations, 1995-1999, p. 5.
41 Department of State, “Fact Sheet on Mycoherbicides,” July 17,
2000, http://www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/colombia/
fs_000717_mycoherbicide.html.
42 “Interagency Global Heroin Threat Assessment,” July 2000.
43 The Drug Enforcement Administration, Heroin Factsheet, October
2000, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/heroin_factsheet.html.
44 DCI Crime and Narcotics Center, Major Coca and Opium Producing
Nations, 1995-99, no date, p13.
45 Statement by Joseph J. Corcoran, Special Agent in Charge, Saint
Louis Division, Drug Enforcement Administration before the
House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, August 8, 2000.
46 Section 705(a)(2)(B)(3) of the ONDCP Reauthorization Act of
1998.
47 U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard. Comments
provided to ONDCP in November 2000 document titled
Coast Guard Accomplishments.
48 U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard. Provided
to ONDCP in November 2000 memorandum titled Coast Guard
Accomplishments.
49 U.S. Secret Service. November 22, 2000 memorandum from
United States Secret Service Director Stafford to ONDCP
Director McCaffrey.
50 World Drug Report, p. 124. The report notes that “many estimates
have been made of the total revenue accruing to the illicit drug
industry—most range from US $300 billion to US $500 billion.
However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the true figure
lies somewhere around the US $400 billion level. A US $400 billion
turnover would be equivalent to approximately 8 per cent of
total international trade. In 1994 this figure would have been
larger than the international trade in iron, steel, and motor vehicles
and about the same size as the total international trade in
textiles.
51 The Office of National Drug Control Policy and the Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, “Proceedings of the Third United
States and Mexico Binational Drug Demand Reduction Conference:
May 31—June 2, 2000. Phoenix, Arizona (unpublished).
