The research team estimated that the use of telemedicine averted a small but costly number of emergency air transfers to Federal Medical Centers and a small (and less costly) number of visits to nearby specialist physicians located beyond the demonstration prisons’ walls. The majority of telemedical consultations were conducted either in lieu of a conventional, in-prison consultation or, in some undetermined numbers, in place of no consultation at all with specialists. Overall, the total numbers of specialist consultations, both telemedical and conventional, increased during the demonstration period, relative to the 12 preceding months.