Title: National Institute of Justice 2000 Annual Report to Congress Series: Annual Report Author: National Institute of Justice Published: August 2001 Subject: Criminal justice system 97 pages 174,000 bytes ------------------ Figures, charts, forms, and tables are not included in this ASCII plain-text file. To view this document in its entirety, download the Adobe Acrobat graphic file available from this Web site or order a print copy from NCJRS at 800-851-3420 (877-712-9279 for TTY users). ------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice 2000 Annual Report to Congress August 2001 ------------------ letter of transmittal To the President, the Attorney General, and the Congress: I have the honor to transmit the National Institute of Justice's annual report on research, development, and evaluation for fiscal year 2000, pursuant to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (as amended) and the 1988 Anti- Drug Abuse Act. Respectfully submitted, Sarah V. Hart Director National Institute of Justice Washington, DC ------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street NW. Washington, DC 20531 John D. Ashcroft Attorney General Deborah J. Daniels Assistant Attorney General Sarah V. Hart Director, National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and Office for Victims of Crime. NCJ 189105 ------------------ Contents Highlights of the Year Science and Technology Social Science-Based Research and Evaluation Development and Communications The Balance of This Report Rethinking Justice Criminal Justice 2000: A Look Ahead Probing Police Use of Force Rethinking the Orientation of Policing Indian Country Creating the Tools Prevention Is Key Making Communication Work Across Agencies Minimizing Deadly Force Responding to Critical Incidents Toward Better Investigations Making Prisons and Jails Secure Building Capabilities Understanding the Nexus SACSI COMPASS Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods ADAM Breaking the Cycle of Crime Evaluating Drug Courts Special Approach to Breaking the Drug-Crime Cycle Domestic Violence: Victim Safety, Offender Accountability Expanding the Horizons The Impact of Technology Validity of Scientific Evidence in Court Globalization of Crime Fostering Public Trust Sharing Information A National Clearinghouse NIJ Publications Research in Progress Conferences Fellowships Appendix A: Organization and Financial Data Appendix B: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 2000 Appendix C: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 2000 ------------------ National Institute of Justice The National Institute of Justice was created by Congress through the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. When it was created 32 years ago, NIJ scientists began a journey to inform policy and practice through research and development about crime and justice. The Institute's mandate remains the same today as in 1968--to marry science to criminal justice problem solving and policy development. Specifically, the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 directs NIJ to: o Conduct research about the nature and impact of crime and juvenile offending. o Develop new technologies to reduce crime and improve criminal justice operations. o Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify promising new programs. o Test innovative concepts and model programs in the field. o Assist policymakers, program partners, and justice agencies. o Disseminate knowledge to many audiences. This report summarizes the National Institute of Justice's operations, achievements, and overall role in 2000. It reports on key research, evaluation, and technology activities that achieve the Institute's strategic objectives and describes outreach and dissemination efforts. Three appendixes provide information on financial resources, list the awards the Institute made in fiscal year 2000, and list the materials published in fiscal year 2000. ------------------ Highlights of the Year Building knowledge. Shaping policy. Improving justice. Saving lives. Such is the legacy from more than 30 years of criminal justice research at the National Institute of Justice. NIJ's history (see Timeline) is marked by successes borne of sustained research, innovative approaches, and effective communications. The NIJ activities in 2000 sampled below--and discussed in more detail later in this report--build upon that legacy. These projects underscore NIJ's commitment to excellence in its three areas of operations: (1) science and technology research and development, (2) social science-based research and evaluation, and (3) development and communications. Science and Technology NIJ's activities in this area include research and development involving a wide range of technologies and tools to improve public safety and justice. Highlights of 2000 include the following: o Investigative and forensic sciences. NIJ continued its work to improve how forensic evidence is gathered and used to solve crimes. NIJ's crime lab improvement program, for example, enhances the capabilities of the labs, increases their access to specialized forensic services, and establishes a network for the allocation scarce resources to critical investigations. In 2000, NIJ pursued research to enhance DNA testing by reducing the cost and amount of time required for DNA analysis. The National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence--established by NIJ in 1998--produced a guide on collecting DNA evidence at crime scenes. NIJ printed enough copies to send to every sworn law enforcement officer in the Nation in 2000. o Improving communications. Police--and other public safety agencies--often face incidents that cut across jurisdictional boundaries, where incompatible communication technologies can hinder an effective response. NIJ is leading efforts to improve the interoperability of law enforcement communications. During planning for the Presidential Inauguration, NIJ worked with the U.S. Secret Service to implement interoperability technology to ensure seamless communication with D.C.-area law enforcement during Inaugural activities. o Mapping crime. NIJ continues to spearhead the innovative use of crime mapping by developing and disseminating geographic information systems (GIS) technology so law enforcement and other community partners can analyze crime patterns and solve problems to make their communities safer places to live. In 2000, NIJ's Crime Mapping Research Center received the prestigious Hammer Award for effective and innovative government programs. Social Science-Based Research and Evaluation As with technology research and development, social science research and evaluation activities spanned a wide range of substantive topics. Highlights of 2000 include the following: o Tailoring research to meet local needs. Two of NIJ's most important community-centered projects--the Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) and Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies (COMPASS)--bring together local leaders and researchers to target a local crime problem, obtain relevant data, and design a strategic intervention based on the information collected. The number of SACSI cities doubled in 2000--from 5 to 10, and COMPASS added a second pilot site in 2000. The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program meets local needs by tracking trends in the prevalence and types of drug use among booked arrestees. ADAM enables communities to tailor drug prevention and intervention policies accordingly. In 2000, ADAM began using an enhanced data collection instrument that provides information about drug markets and the extent of arrestees' involvement in domestic violence, firearms acquisition and use, gangs, and gambling. o Assessing program impact and effectiveness. Results of the NIJ-sponsored national evaluation of the first 4 years of the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program were published in 2000.[1] The evaluation found that the program funded the deployment of more than 100,000 new officers, that jurisdictions with higher crime rates received a larger share of funding, and that the program accelerated transitions to locally defined versions of community policing. o Generating knowledge that informs policy and practice. In 2000, NIJ published the findings from two projects that filled long-standing gaps in our knowledge about violence against women.[2] The first study showed that violence is more widespread and injurious to women's--and men's--health than previously thought. In the second study, 3 percent of the college women surveyed reported being a victim of rape or attempted rape during the academic year, and 13 percent reported being stalked. Understanding the scope of such problems helps generate effective prevention and intervention efforts. Development and Communications NIJ's development and communications efforts maintain the agency's research-to-practice momentum. Activities include field testing and demonstrating researched-based strategies in real-world contexts and disseminating research findings to the criminal justice community and others nationwide and internationally through publications (both print and electronic), Web sites, and conferences. Highlights of 2000 include the following: o Breaking the Cycle. Cosponsored by the Office of National Drug Control Policy, NIJ's Breaking the Cycle is testing the hypothesis that drug-involved offenders will recidivate less if they are drug-free. Early results from field testing and evaluation underway in four jurisdictions in 2000 indicate that the program, which includes early intervention, treatment, sanctions, and incentives, can reduce offender drug use and crime. o Reducing officer stress. Having successfully funded the collection of state-of-practice information on stress reduction among law enforcement and corrections officers and their families, NIJ set the stage for field testing of stress reduction programs in 2000. NIJ's 2000 publication on stress reduction programs for correctional officers[3] complements a highly regarded publication geared toward the law enforcement community. o Guiding global policy. NIJ provided policy guidance on issues of crime and justice to the U.S. mission to the United Nations and to the U.N. crime prevention program. In 2000, NIJ's International Center continued reporting to the United Nations on the status of organized crime across the globe and participated in the Tenth U.N. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders as members of the U.S. delegation. o Disseminating information. NIJ launched initiatives in 2000 to improve operations of the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, a criminal justice information clearinghouse supported by the Office of Justice Programs that distributes millions of copies of publications via mail and the Internet and responds to thousands of queries from the general public, policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. The Balance of This Report The next five chapters discuss NIJ projects and other activities in greater detail and in the context of NIJ's five strategic challenges, which constitute another way of organizing NIJ's accomplishments. Presented first are accomplishments pertaining to the challenge of rethinking justice and the processes that create just communities, followed by the other four challenge areas: creating the tools and technologies that meet the needs of practitioners, understanding the nexus between crime and its social context, breaking the cycle of crime by testing researched-based interventions, and expanding horizons through interdisciplinary and international perspectives. The final chapter discusses NIJ's information-sharing efforts. Appendixes present fiscal year 2000 financial data, a table of organization, and lists of grant awards and publications. ------------------ About the National Institute of Justice NIJ is the research and development agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. It is the only Federal agency dedicated solely to researching crime control and justice issues. NIJ provides independent, objective, nonpartisan, evidence-based knowledge and tools to meet the challenges of crime and justice, particularly at the State and local levels. NIJ's principal authorities are derived from the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. NIJ's Mission In partnership with others, NIJ's mission is to prevent and reduce crime, improve law enforcement and the administration of justice, and promote public safety. By applying the disciplines of the social and physical sciences, NIJ: o Researches the nature and impact of crime and delinquency. o Develops applied technologies, standards, and tools for criminal justice practitioners. o Evaluates existing programs and responses to crime. o Tests innovative concepts and program models in the field. o Assists policymakers, program partners, and justice agencies. o Disseminates knowledge to many audiences. NIJ's Strategic Direction and Program Areas NIJ is committed to five challenges as part of its strategic plan: (1) rethinking justice and the processes that create just communities; (2) creating the tools and technologies that meet the needs of practitioners; (3) understanding the nexus between social conditions and crime; (4) breaking the cycle of crime by testing research-based interventions; and (5) expanding horizons through interdisciplinary and international perspectives. The Institute is involved in the following program areas: crime control and prevention, drugs and crime, justice systems and offender behavior, violence and victimization, communications and information technologies, critical incident response, investigative and forensic sciences (including DNA), less-than-lethal technologies, officer protection, education and training technologies, testing and standards, technology assistance to law enforcement and corrections agencies, field testing of promising programs, and international crime control. NIJ communicates its findings through conferences and print and electronic media. NIJ supports the development of new knowledge to provide the basis for criminal justice policy-makers and practitioners to make evidence-based decisions. Such a research-to-practice orientation is exemplified by NIJ's key role in developing soft body armor, which has saved the lives of thousands of police officers, and by the agency's support of research in several jurisdictions on the effects of police response time, which led to policy changes estimated to have saved departments millions of dollars annually. The research on response time was one of a series of NIJ-funded studies that challenged traditional assumptions and methods, tested research recommendations, and according to many, influenced dramatic changes in police practices.[1] NIJ's Structure The NIJ Director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The NIJ Director establishes the Institute's objectives, guided by the priorities of the Office of Justice Programs, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the needs of the field. NIJ actively solicits the views of criminal justice and other professionals and researchers to inform its search for the knowledge and tools to guide policy and practice. NIJ has three operating units. The Office of Research and Evaluation manages social science research and evaluation and crime mapping research. The Office of Science and Technology manages technology research and development, standards development, and technology assistance to State and local law enforcement and corrections agencies. The Office of Development and Communications manages field tests of model programs, international research, and knowledge dissemination programs. NIJ is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. 1. Research findings indicated that police response time was unrelated to the probability of making an arrest or locating a witness; the important factor in that regard was the time it took a person to report a crime. In many police agencies, those findings led to changes in call-response policies and to efforts to educate the public to report crimes more quickly. ------------------ Rethinking Justice Taking a fresh look at traditional criminal justice approaches, examining new or modified responses to emerging or recurring issues of crime and justice, probing more deeply into factors influencing the direction the justice system will take in the years ahead--all are facets of NIJ's strategic challenge of rethinking justice and the processes that create just communities. Highlighted below are NIJ activities that illustrate how the Institute addressed the challenge in 2000: the Criminal Justice 2000 initiative, research on police use of force and problem-oriented policing, and projects helping to redefine the Federal role in Indian Country and examining officer turnover problems in remote Alaska Native villages. Criminal Justice 2000: A Look Ahead A multiyear program that culminated in 2000, Criminal Justice 2000 fostered a national dialog on the justice system, with the goal of understanding both conceptually and empirically where it is now and what directions it will take in the 21st century. The effort focused on the principal agencies of the justice system in the executive and judicial branches, the processes of justice, and the participants in the justice process. Among its achievements, Criminal Justice 2000 produced four major research volumes reviewing key questions facing criminal justice, examining how research has influenced current policy and practice, and probing how future policies and practices can be built upon the current state of knowledge. (For more details about the volumes, see "Sharing Information.") Criminal Justice 2000 culminated in NIJ's 2000 Research and Evaluation Conference in Washington, D.C., cosponsored by the other OJP offices. Attended by more than 800 criminal justice practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, among others, the Conference reviewed the state of the justice system by documenting current operations and examining them from the perspectives of victims, offenders, jurors, and witnesses. It stimulated thinking on whether recent innovations hold promise for systemwide improvement. Probing Police Use of Force NIJ has supported research on the recurring issue of police use of force, often in collaboration with OJP's Bureau of Justice Statistics. Past reports dealt with such topics as pepper spray, pursuit management, positional asphyxia, use of force by and against police, and control of police use of excessive force. Such research seeks to provide the perspective, insight, and factual data needed by police and others to address and rethink use-of-force issues constructively. Such research continued in fiscal year 2000 with issuance of a publication examining police use of force from multiple perspectives and providing an overview of the state of research knowledge in this area, including findings of recent use-of-force research in several jurisdictions. Highlights include the following: o Research consistently demonstrates that a small percentage of police-public interactions involve use of force--about 1 percent of people reporting contacts with the police, according to one survey. o In the context of the subset of police-public contacts involving adult custody arrests, NIJ-sponsored research in six jurisdictions found that in 98 percent of 7,512 arrests, police did not use a weapon. When weapons were used, the most frequent one was a chemical agent (in 1.2 percent of the arrests). Firearms were used in 0.2 percent of arrests. Use of force in 15.8 percent of the arrests involved a weaponless tactic, primarily grabbing. Research has not yet adequately estimated how frequently excessive force is used by police, which can involve both low and high levels of force. But a fuller understanding of all use-of-force incidents can help put excessive force in perspective, as noted in the study of 7,512 adult custody arrests: "...most arrests involve no force, excessive or otherwise. When force is used, it typically involves less severe forms of tactics and weapons use. ...Arrests that involve no force, however, cannot involve excessive force, and arrests that involve low levels of force are less likely to involve excessive force." In 2000, NIJ's ongoing research in this area included measuring use of force relative to suspect resistance and examining use of force by police when they encounter persons with impaired judgment. For more information o See Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 1999 (NCJ 176330). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/176330.htm. o Contact Robert Kaminski, 202-616-9135, kaminski@ojp.usdoj.gov. o See "Minimizing Deadly Force." Rethinking the Orientation of Policing There are two basic and contrasting approaches to policing: (1) reacting and responding to calls for assistance or service as if each were an isolated episode unrelated to other incidents, and (2) searching for and addressing underlying causes of or conditions shared by a particular group of incidents and thereby reducing or eliminating the chances of their recurrence. The latter approach--problem-oriented policing--is one that many police agencies have added to their repertoire of crime-fighting strategies. NIJ has supported its development and refinement for many years. That style of policing was first articulated and later elaborated on by Herman Goldstein, professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin Law School. NIJ support helped him initiate work on his seminal book Problem-Oriented Policing.[4] He urged police to rethink traditional approaches to crime and to consider expanding them to include adoption of problem-oriented policing. Professor Goldstein's work was so groundbreaking and energized police agencies to such an extent that the Police Executive Research Forum established the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. In 2000, NIJ cosponsored--with PERF and the Office of Community Oriented Police Services--a publication providing summaries of problem-solving projects of the 1999 award winner and six finalists. The projects were selected from among 76 submissions from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The situation addressed by the 2000 award winner (San Diego, California, Police Department) involved responding to citizen requests to "do something" about excessive graffiti in their densely populated, ethnically diverse, mixed residential and commercial neighborhood.[5] Graffiti reduction is not normally a high priority for police, but the San Diego officers agreed to take on the problem and correct it. They went to great lengths to document the dimensions of the problem by surveying the community, counting the number of sites defaced, analyzing patterns of vandalism, and noting the prevalence of different types of graffiti. They distinguished graffiti reports from all other vandalism reports. After developing a better understanding of the motivations of graffiti vandals, police were able to design a multifaceted response plan. Rather than assuming sole responsibility for addressing the graffiti problem, officers got the support of school personnel, juvenile probation officials, professional counselors, juvenile court staff, youth services representatives, and community volunteers. The officers studied reports on effective responses to graffiti elsewhere and incorporated what they learned into their local response. San Diego's approach was both creative and collaborative, and while it was difficult to determine precisely what impact each part of the response strategy had on crime in the neighborhood, the overall effect was dramatically positive. For more information o See Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing: The 2000 Herman Goldstein Award Winners, Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, National Institute of Justice, and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, November 2000 (NCJ 185279). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/ pubs-sum/185279.htm. Indian Country Well documented are the historically strong feelings of distrust toward the U.S. Government by Indian Country tribes and their unique government-to-government relationship to the United States. While most Americans are enjoying decreasing crime rates, self-reported data from crime victims indicate that the 1.4 million American Indians living in the United States are victims of violent crime at more than twice the rate of all U.S. residents.[6] Against this backdrop, tribal elders and researchers have identified a crisis in law enforcement on reservations. High turnover and poor employee morale result in a lack of well-qualified and experienced officers in Indian Country. Inadequate budgets and fiscal mismanagement are serious obstacles to effective delivery of important police services and programs. NIJ-sponsored research suggests that specific measures addressing the foregoing problems should rest on a foundation characterized by workable, nation-specific policing institutions and approaches informed by traditional customs. Researchers note that community policing provides a framework that tribes might use to design and implement new, Native approaches to policing--approaches that should improve the quality of policing in Indian Country and do so within the context of tribal nation building. If, for example, reservation police adopted community policing and, consistent with that policing style, were to facilitate the settling of disputes, conflicts, and problems not usually regarded as legitimate crime problems and used credible tribal approaches as remedies, they would become more effective problem-solvers, more respected by tribal citizens, and better able to prevent problems that might otherwise escalate, according to the researchers. Ongoing in 2000, another NIJ-supported effort focusing on Indian Country was the evaluation of the Comprehensive Indian Resources for Community Law Enforcement (CIRCLE) project, involving three tribal sites. The project is a multiagency, multiyear process designed to empower Native American communities to fight crime, enhance public safety, reduce victimization, and combat substance abuse. With active participation from the project's three sites, the evaluation seeks to: o Study the development of the three site tribes' specific CIRCLE project strategies. o Track implementation of the tribal strategies. o Develop insights into the influence of tribal culture and government on the strategies developed by each of the tribes. o Monitor progress and outcomes of the strategies. o Describe partnerships both within the tribes and between tribal and nontribal agencies (especially Federal ones). o Lay the groundwork for a longer term evaluation. For more information o See NIJ Journal, January 2001 issue (JR 000246). Includes three articles on the challenges of administering justice in Indian Country. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals/jr000246.htm. o Contact Winnie Reed, 202-307-2952, winnie@ojp.usdoj.gov. ------------------ Creating the Tools Public safety requires the best investigative and detection devices, the safest and most effective weapons, and the most effective systems for monitoring and controlling prisoners. Over the years, NIJ has produced a number of innovations in technology, including the development of soft body armor and improvements in forensic DNA testing. NIJ has continued to focus on the development of protective equipment for officers; devices that detect criminal activity, contraband, and concealed weapons; and systems that track and locate offenders and officers. NIJ develops and tests new tools in partnership with numerous agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; the Federal Aviation Administration; the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Federal Emergency Management Agency; the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce; the Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Sandia National Laboratory; and the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. NIJ coordinates its efforts with the Office of Justice Program's Office for State and Local Domestic Preparedness Support, the National Domestic Preparedness Office, and the InterAgency Board for Equipment Standardization and Interoperability. It also participates in the White House's Weapons of Mass Destruction Preparedness Group. Prevention Is Key Crime control technologies are generally understood to refer to weapons and other equipment and investigative devices. But technology also can be used for prevention--arguably the most important component of public safety. NIJ has focused on the development of protective equipment for officers, devices that detect criminal activity, systems that track and locate offenders and officers on the street and prisoners and officers in correctional facilities, and contraband and concealed weapons detection. More recently, NIJ has been applying some of these approaches to the issue of school safety. Keeping schools safe. In 1999, in response to a congressional mandate, NIJ began an initiative in partnership with the U.S. Department of Education (DoEd) to help ensure the safety of students, teachers, and staff. A number of DoEd projects are in progress that transfer technology from other settings into the schools, modify law enforcement tools, or develop crime prevention technologies suitable for schools. These include devices to detect concealed weapons and contraband and video surveillance equipment. In 2000, NIJ took steps to establish a School Security Technology Center at Sandia National Laboratory as an information resource for security technologies. A nontoxic, aerosol drug detection and identification system is being developed to detect marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine (in the environment, not on individuals). For more information o Visit the Safe Schools Initiative, Technology Portfolio Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/sciencetech/ssi.htm. o Contact Ray Downs, 202-307-0646, downsr@ojp.usdoj.gov Mapping out crime. Crime is geographically distributed in ways that reflect human activity. Understanding where crime is concentrated and tracking changes over time can improve prevention and control strategies. Geographic information systems (GIS) make spatial analysis a more powerful tool that allows analysts to correlate such factors as neighborhood characteristics with crime data. NIJ's Crime Mapping Research Center (CMRC), established in 1997, serves State and local law enforcement and corrections practitioners by developing and disseminating GIS technology for the spatial analysis of crime. CMRC also evaluates current practices, develops agency mapping capabilities, makes instructional materials available, offers a prototypical geocoded data archive, and sponsors fellowships for researchers. In 2000, CMRC released a new spatial statistics program and prepared a guidebook for releasing data to the general public. Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data is the product of a roundtable held in 1999 that explored privacy concerns related to crime mapping. CMRC also developed a self-paced distance learning tool (the "Crime Map Tutorial") and hosted its annual conference where researchers, practitioners, and analysts shared new applications and techniques. The Crime Mapping and Analysis Program (CMAP) at the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center-Rocky Mountain Region provides technical assistance and training to State and local agencies in the areas of crime mapping, crime and intelligence analysis, and geographic information systems. For more information o Visit the Crime Mapping Research Center Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc. o Visit the Crime Mapping and Analysis Program at http://www.nlectc.org/cmap. Enhancing surveillance and detection. Monitoring and surveillance are essential to preventing and detecting crime and to achieving security in corrections facilities. NIJ is sponsoring development of an array of sophisticated devices, based on varied technologies. These include thermal imaging, which measures heat emanating from structures; closed-circuit television cameras and videos, including enhanced image recognition, development of special lenses, and improved image processing; acoustic sensors that calculate gunfire location; and biometrics, which measure physical characteristics or behavioral traits to improve law enforcement's ability to identify people on a wanted list, locate missing persons, and control access to equipment or facilities. Making Communication Work Across Agencies On a day-to-day basis, public safety agencies send mug shots, videos, and fingerprints electronically to their communications centers, but when it comes to mounting a coordinated response among several agencies, communications may literally break down. This interoperability issue is thorny and complex. A number of NIJ activities are under way to instill fundamental changes in how public safety agencies communicate with one another. The Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement (AGILE) program addresses public safety interoperability issues with three main program thrusts: research, development, testing and evaluation; standards; and outreach. The AGILE Web site, which debuted in 2000, is intended to widely disseminate information about the program. At the request of the National Public Safety Telecommunications Council, NIJ has begun work on a precoordination database that will allow for a rapid and efficient transition of a new radio spectrum that will be released to public safety in the near future. NIJ is also developing a multiband antenna system for law enforcement vehicles, a prototype of an open software radio architecture, a rule-based security system to allow rapidly configurable rule sets to secure State and local law enforcement IT systems, and spatial knowledge mining tools to conduct crime analysis through space and time. The ACU-1000 allows direct radio communications among agencies using disparate radio systems. Laboratory testing of the ACU-1000 communications switch was completed in 2000, and the switch was installed at the Alexandria, Virginia, Police Department as part of an Operational Test Bed. Lessons learned will be made available to public safety agencies as they become available. The Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory is conducting an evaluation of the effectiveness of the ACU-1000 at the Alexandria Police Department, plus 21 other locations around the country that received similar systems from the Office of State and Local Domestic Preparedness Support. "InfoTech," an integrated statewide information system, enables law enforcement agencies located in the same region to share information while using their existing systems. In 2000, InfoTech linked regional information systems in San Diego County, California; added more agencies in Florida; and integrated systems in Oregon. For more information o Visit the AGILE Web site at http://www.agileprogram.org. Minimizing Deadly Force Police and correctional officers need devices that enable them to subdue violent, armed, or uncooperative suspects without resorting to deadly force. For more than a decade, NIJ has been sponsoring the development and testing of less-than-lethal devices. The research portfolio currently consists of 17 projects focusing on blunt impact projectiles, pepper spray, capture nets, and vehicle immobilizing devices. Disabling tools under development in 2000 include a flashlight-shaped disorienting device that will not impair eyesight and "active light barriers" that use scattered light particles as a control mechanism. Because high-speed vehicular pursuits are of such great concern, NIJ established the Pursuit Management Task Force (PMTF) in 1996 to assess the role of technology and the state of police practices in managing vehicular pursuits. The findings of PMTF serve, in large part, as the basis for NIJ projects addressing this issue. In 2000, projects included development of a national pursuit management database, field testing of electrostatic discharge devices that immobilize vehicles, and evaluation of "run-flat" and "self-sealing" tires to see if they withstand various deflators. NIJ has been developing a database of information about blunt impact projectiles that solicits input from agencies nationwide that use these types of devices. The information will be used to assess the effectiveness and safety of these devices. Additionally, ongoing research is reviewing situations in which pepper spray was used by law enforcement personnel during a confrontation. For more information o Visit NIJ's Less-Than-Lethal Technology Development Portfolio Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/sciencetech/lessthan.htm. o Contact Joseph Cecconi, 202-305-7959, cecconij@ojp.usdoj.gov. o See "Probing Police Use of Force." Responding to Critical Incidents NIJ's Critical Incident Response Technology Initiative seeks to provide public safety agencies with better tools to deal with major threats to lives and property, such as terrorist acts involving chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear devices. In recognizing that responder needs for all critical incidents--from terrorist attacks to major accidents or natural disasters--are similar, NIJ is focusing on developing "convertible technologies" that can be used by other public safety agencies as well as law enforcement. Under the critical incident initiative in 2000, NIJ installed and demonstrated a chemical attack warning and response system for subways and initiated research into methodology for determining the security status of U.S. chemical facilities and the chemical transportation infrastructure against terrorist and criminal activities. In addition, NIJ completed a study to determine the chemical and biological agents that terrorists are most likely to use, which will be published in 2001, and published Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders. For bombings, NIJ developed a technology to safely neutralize the type of explosive device used on the Murrah Federal Building and the World Trade Center; demonstrated and assessed real-time, computer-based, x-ray bomb diagnostic equipment, involving 27 States, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia; continued research into devices to locate victims trapped in debris caused by an explosive device; and investigated better means to detect concealed weapons. Congressional funding was provided to create two counterterrorism institutes. The Institute for Security Technology Studies (ISTS), at Dartmouth College, is focusing on cyber attacks and is developing technologies in detection, reaction, and prevention of network attacks and other related cyber intrusions. ISTS is also developing innovative ways to build State and local cybercrime task forces to respond to investigative needs. The second institute, the Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, will focus on research and development, outreach and education, needs identification, lessons learned, and dissemination of counterterrorism information. The work of the institutes will be coordinated with that of other Federal agencies focusing on similar issues. For more information o See Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 2000 (NCJ 184449). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184449.htm. o Contact Pete Nacci, 202-305-4626, naccip@ojp.usdoj.gov. Toward Better Investigations Evidence recovered from crime scenes must be properly identified, collected, preserved, and analyzed to be admissible in court. First responders, evidence technicians, forensic scientists, and the crime laboratories they use all may be involved in investigating crimes. Crime lab improvement. NIJ's Crime Laboratory Improvement Program (CLIP) aims to improve the analytic and technological resources of public crime labs, increase their access to specialized forensic services and strengthen cross- jurisdictional learning, and establish a network for the allocation of scarce forensic capabilities to critical investigations.[7] In 2000, CLIP invested $15 million in lab improvement in several jurisdictions nationwide and hosted a CLIP summit that brought together leaders from the field to identify areas of need and strategies for addressing those needs. Forensic DNA. Congress funded NIJ to conduct a 5-year research and development program to advance DNA analysis and make it even more valuable and widely used. The R&D work includes developing technology to make DNA analysis portable, fast, and economical and finding ways to reduce the backlog of hundreds of thousands of offender samples awaiting analysis. Reducing the backlog could go a long way toward bringing hundreds of unsolved crimes to resolution and offenders to justice. In addition, NIJ continues to administer the work of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence. (See "What Will Be the Future of Forensic DNA Evidence?") Cybercrime. By one estimate, cybercrime increased fivefold in a recent 3-year period. The monetary toll is staggering: According to the FBI, cybercrime costs about $10 billion per year. Most State and local law enforcement agencies do not have special units dedicated to combating this type of crime. To aid them, NIJ established its cybercrime program in 1998 and began collaborating with Federal, State, and local agencies and academic, industrial, and professional organizations to provide technical assistance. NIJ's first effort, completion of a needs assessment, found that the typical agency has limited understanding of cybercrime and a lack of training and infrastructure (especially computer forensics laboratories). Assistance comes primarily through NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)-Northeast and the newly established National Law Enforcement CyberScience Laboratory Northeast in Rome, New York. NIJ also undertook several other cybercrime-related initiatives in 2000, including: o An assessment of state-of-the-art computer forensic software tools. o Continuing development of the National Software Reference Library, a collection of files that will be available to support law enforcement agencies' use of the FBI's Automated Computer Examination System. o Continuing verification testing of subject computer forensic and utility applications software to ensure that they perform as claimed by their makers. For more information o See "Criminal Justice Discovers Information Technology," by Maureen Brown, in Criminal Justice 2000, Volume 1, The Nature of Crime: Continuity and Change, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2000:246 (NCJ 182408), available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/ criminal_justice2000/vol1_2000.html; Center for Strategic and International Studies, Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, Cyberwarfare: Avoiding an Electronic Waterloo, Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 1998. o See State and Local Law Enforcement Needs to Combat Electronic Crime, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, August 2000 (NCJ 183451). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183451.htm. o Contact John Hoyt, 202-616-1471, or Amon Young, 202-514-4338, younga@ojp.usdoj.gov. Making Prisons and Jails Secure NIJ provides assistance to the corrections field through NLECTC and the corrections technology program. The program identifies, develops, and demonstrates technology for prisons, jails, and community corrections that is affordable, reliable, and easy to install, use, and maintain. Recent major focus areas are: o Biometrics. Developing automated methods to identify and authenticate a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. o Drug detection and drug screening. Identifying, developing, demonstrating, and assessing drug detection and noninvasive drug-screening technologies applicable to corrections. Developing alternative technology to effectively replace urinalysis as the method for drug screening in corrections. o Tracking and monitoring systems. Developing technology to monitor the status and location of staff and inmate populations within a correctional facility, remotely monitor human vital signs, and evaluate the effectiveness of electronic monitoring technology in domestic violence cases. o Institution security. Developing a vulnerability assessment for facilities, and developing systems to detect nonmetallic weapons and contraband in body cavities and weapons concealed under clothing. Other NIJ projects involving concealed weapons detection, biometrics, and school safety have applicability for the corrections technology program. Building Capabilities Crime trends and techniques are continually changing, and so, too, is technology. The constant need to update and adjust can tax limited resources. Hence NIJ's development of simulation and other learning tools seeks to make technological capability affordable for State and local agencies. Many of the interactive, computer-based learning tools being developed with NIJ support will be available on CD-ROM's. Currently under development or review are learning modules in areas ranging from blood evidence collection to computer crime. To help direct practitioners to the materials and courses they need, NIJ is developing a Web-based index--the Law Enforcement and Corrections Training Resources--of the training curriculums available nationwide. With simulation technology, officers can practice their responses to situations they may face in real life. They can "team" train in hostage-rescue, school shooting, and drug-raid house situations by means of the Weapons Team Engagement Trainer (WTET). Developed for military purposes but more widely applicable, prototype WTET's have been installed in Los Angeles, California, and Orlando, Florida, for evaluation. PRISim[TM]--a tractor-trailer mounted system that can be driven to small and rural agencies and that allows individualization of training, from basic marksmanship to shoot/no-shoot scenarios--is being evaluated by NIJ. NIJ is helping bomb technicians learn how to disable explosive devices. At Operation America, presented by NLECTC-Rocky Mountain and Sandia National Laboratory, bomb technicians learn theory and new techniques through classroom sessions, observe demonstrations of disabling devices, and participate in other exercises. At the 2000 session held in San Diego, 25 bomb technicians participated. NIJ plans to hold the event at least biannually. Computerized crime mapping is a relatively new tool that requires special training if practitioners are to make the best use of it. The Crime Mapping Assistance Program, operated by NLECTC, offers technology assistance and training to State and local agencies in crime and intelligence analysis and GIS. ------------------ Ensuring Quality Products: Standards Development As objective documentation of acceptable performance levels, equipment standards serve as a reference tool for procurement officials. Developing and disseminating standards has been an enduring focus for NIJ. Standards are developed for a wide range of equipment, tools, and systems, including handcuffs, riot helmets, firearms, communications equipment, protective gloves, and batteries. In 2000, standards were released for: o Kits for preliminary identification of drug abuse. o Hand-held metal detectors for concealed weapons and contraband. o Walk-through metal detectors for concealed weapons and contraband. o Personal body armor. Of special note in 2000 was revision of the NIJ standard for body armor. Originally released in 1987, the standard has gained worldwide acceptance. It was updated to accommodate the threat presented by new combinations of ammunition and weapons. Recognizing that the most common threat to correctional officers comes from sharp-edged weapons, NIJ collaborated in developing a standard for stab-resistant body armor. Testing to these standards began in late 2000. Other work under way in 2000 includes development of: o Standards for facial recognition systems and equipment to deal with incidents involving chemical and biological weapons. o Standard bullets and casings for use in a national ballistics testing system. o A multihit test procedure to evaluate body armor's ability to stop multiple shots. o Testing protocols to verify operation and output of automated tools used in computer forensics investigations. ------------------ What Will Be the Future of Forensic DNA Evidence? NIJ established the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence in 1998, with the mission of making recommendations that will maximize the value of forensic DNA evidence in the criminal justice system. Notable achievements of the Commission in 2000 were: o Examination of and a report on the impact of near-term technical advances on DNA analysis.[1] o Release of What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA on an interactive CD-ROM in two modules: beginning and advanced. o National Law Enforcement Summit on DNA Technology. o Conference on DNA and the Criminal Justice System, cosponsored by Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. For more information about the Commission, visit the Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dna. Transcripts of the Commission meetings, including the four sessions held in 2000, are among the materials on the site. 1. The Future of Forensic DNA Testing: Predictions of the Research and Development Working Group, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2000 (NCJ 183697). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183697.htm. ------------------ Mock Prison Riot NIJ supports the annual Mock Prison Riot, held each year at the former West Virginia Penitentiary in Moundsville, West Virginia. Now in its fifth year, the event is a one-of-a-kind technology showcase. In the last 2 years, attendance has grown to more than 1,000 people representing more than 15 States and several foreign countries. Numerous new and emerging technologies are demonstrated in many different scenarios. Examples of technologies include biometric access controls, fingerprint identification, less-than-lethal devices, stab/slash resistant body armor, puncture resistant gloves, facial recognition software, and various distraction devices. In addition, workshops focus on technology use and implementation in a correctional facility. Topics include use of pepperballs, night vision equipment, emergency response tools, distraction devices, jail management software, and devices to detect concealed weapons. The 5-day event gives practitioners a unique opportunity to test out various technologies as well as interact with developers on what is needed in correctional settings. ------------------ Serving Practitioners Directly: NLECTC The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system was established by NIJ in 1994 to provide technology assistance and information to State and local practitioners. The system consists of the national center as well as facilities located throughout the country that specialize in one or more areas of research and development. Examples of assistance that NLECTC provides include information and referral services; crime mapping instruction; and technology assistance for the analysis and enhancement of audio, video, and photographic evidence. The system also conducts research and development in such areas as concealed weapons detection, sensors, audio and image processing, communications security, computer forensics, communications interoperability, bomb remediation, the nature of fire and explosions, and vehicle-stopping technologies. The NLECTC system also facilitates the acquisition of surplus government property and its distribution to law enforcement and corrections agencies; develops strategies and technologies aimed at border control; develops minimum performance standards for equipment and technology; and works with industry, manufacturers, and laboratories to facilitate the commercialization of technologies for law enforcement and corrections. The Centers responded to 5,544 requests for technology assistance in 2000, up from 4,300 the previous year. Some highlights of 2000 activities include: o Provided unique forensic analysis of audiotapes, videotapes, and computer media in hundreds of cases involving child abuse, sexual abuse, murder, arson, and prison riots. One example is the assistance provided to the District Attorney in Sullivan County, New York, helping to prove that a child was intentionally tortured before being killed--an aggravating factor under New York State's first-degree murder statute. The Center scanned through hundreds of autopsy photographs of the victim's injuries and methodically removed the wounds and manipulated the photographs to look like natural skin, and then placed the injuries back into the photographs to illustrate the order in which they were inflicted. o Assisted in the transfer of more than $256 million worth of equipment to State and local law enforcement and corrections agencies through the Federal surplus property program. Equipment transferred included vehicles, aircraft, weapons, protective gear, and clothing. o Hosted CFX 2000, a digital forensic experiment involving 28 law enforcement agencies that practiced solving simulated computer-related crimes using various tools. Participants included Federal, State, and local law enforcement investigators, examiners, and prosecutors. o Tested more than 340 ballistic and stab-resistant vests, 27 protective gloves, and 28 brake pads for patrol vehicles to validate their compliance with minimum performance standards for law enforcement and corrections applications. o Helped agencies in Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, to establish a Virtual Private Network for school safety to ensure timely, effective, and secure information sharing. NLECTC researched, designed, and installed an e-mail-based, protected system for information sharing among police, schools, and the courts. o Worked with the Sheriffs' Association of Texas to review statewide communications interoperability problems and develop technology solutions. For more information o Visit JUSTNET, the Web site of NLECTC, at http://www.justnet.org, or call 1-800-248-2742. ------------------ Understanding the Nexus NIJ research has refined our understanding of the relationship between crime and other social problems. An understanding of crime and its causes must take into account a community's social, economic, and cultural context. It follows that the best solutions to crime and disorder come not from law enforcement alone, but from a combination of a community's social, legal, and governmental resources in an ongoing effort to reduce crime, ameliorate its deleterious effects, and address its root causes. Community policing is based on this precept, and a host of locally-based collaborative models for crime reduction and prevention further our understanding of the nexus between crime and other social problems. In 2000, NIJ continued to pilot and evaluate these innovative models, improved the analytical tools necessary to make these efforts successful, and sponsored research to refine the knowledge of the nexus between crime and other social problems that underpins these community efforts. SACSI The Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) is testing the assumption that crime problems can be reduced by a multiagency, collaborative approach to problem solving that is data-driven and evidence-based. The SACSI model brings together community groups and agencies to address a major crime problem, adds a research partner to help define the scope of a targeted crime problem and to design interventions based on research and information, and adjusts strategies based on an ongoing analysis of the success of the interventions. SACSI is an outgrowth of Boston's highly successful Gun Project, which was funded by NIJ. That project dramatically reduced youth homicides in Boston. Key components of the Boston Gun Project included a strong emphasis on partnerships, knowledge-driven decision making, and ongoing strategic assessment. During 2000, the original five sites continued implementation activities targeting their respective problems, with research team members beginning the local impact evaluation phase of the project. (See "SACSI Sites.") In addition, five new sites were selected. These new sites will be conducting comprehensive, multiagency, problem-solving efforts to reduce firearms violence. All five programs will be coordinated through the U.S. Attorney's Office in their respective districts, with research partners playing a major role as well. Other players include local police departments, prosecutors, ATF offices, probation and parole offices, and community partners, among others. During 2000, the new sites began to assemble their agency partnership groups. Research partners were funded for two sites (Atlanta and St. Louis), and research was begun to describe the nature and characteristics of their local firearms violence problems in detail. SACSI partners developed a comprehensive training curriculum in 2000, based on the experiences of the first five SACSI sites. The training was pilot-tested, refined, and finalized for use in training both the second five sites and non-SACSI jurisdictions interested in conducting their own multiagency strategic programs targeting crime problems in their cities. The SACSI national assessment team, located at the University of Illinois at Chicago and funded separately by NIJ, continued its assessment of--and technical assistance activities for--the original five sites and produced an interim report on the SACSI process. The team will continue its evaluation and will also play a more active technical assistance role for the second five sites. In 2000, four Justice agencies, including the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, the Criminal Division, and the Executive Office for United States Attorneys, joined NIJ in funding, supervising, and coordinating the SACSI program. For more information o See "Using Knowledge and Teamwork to Reduce Crime," NIJ Journal, October 1999 (JR 000241). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals/ jr000241.htm. o Contact Erin Dalton, 202-514-5752, daltona@ojp.usdoj.gov. COMPASS COMPASS (Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies), launched in 1999, is a data-driven approach for enhancing community safety through collaborative, proactive problem solving. COMPASS builds on crime reduction efforts such as Operation Weed and Seed, which coordinates resources to revitalize neighborhoods; Pulling America's Communities Together (PACT) and the Comprehensive Communities Programs; the Locally Initiated Research Partnership grants, which demonstrate the value of teaming research partners with practitioners to enhance public safety; and the New York City Police Department's CompStat initiative, which uses data to solve problems. The COMPASS model has four components: o A collaborative policy group spanning city agencies and community interests to guide the initiative and develop public safety strategies. o A comprehensive data infrastructure consisting of crime incident, public safety, demographic, social, environmental and school data collected from a variety of sources. o Strategic analysis of both spatial and temporal data to identify and target public safety problems and guide the development of interventions. o A research partner to support the development of the data infrastructure; analyze the data to identify public safety problems; aid in the development of research-based interventions; and provide ongoing feedback and document the outcomes and impacts of interventions. In 2000, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was added as a second pilot city for COMPASS. (Seattle was the first pilot site.) Milwaukee was selected because of its track record of collaborative problem solving and its expertise in using geographic information systems and other analysis tools to inform policy and practice. The Milwaukee COMPASS initiative is being managed by the Office of the Mayor. COMPASS is implemented in partnership with the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, and the Executive Office for Weed and Seed. For more information o Visit the COMPASS Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/compass/ welcome.html. o Contact Erin Dalton, 202-514-5752, daltona@ojp.usdoj.gov. Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods is a major interdisciplinary study aimed at understanding the causes and pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence and exploring their relationships to neighborhood contexts. It is directed by the Harvard School of Public Health, and in addition to NIJ funding, receives funding support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health, the U.S. Department of Education, and the Administration for Children, Youth and Families. The Project's two main components are a study of Chicago's neighborhoods and a longitudinal study of children, adolescents, and young adults. The study of Chicago neighborhoods includes both surveys of residents and observations of neighborhood conditions. The goal is to learn about the dynamic changes that take place in these neighborhoods' social, economic, political, cultural, and organizational structures over the study's 8 years. The longitudinal study of individuals follows approximately 7,000 randomly selected children, adolescents, and young adults, who were sampled from 80 neighborhoods varying in ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The study examines the changing circumstances of the study participants' lives, as well as the personal characteristics that may lead them either toward or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors, juvenile delinquency, and adult crime. By combining a study of neighborhoods with a longitudinal study of individuals, the Project is able to explore the complex influences of community, family, and individual factors on human development. Why does one community have a high rate of crime, violence, and substance abuse, while a similar community nearby is relatively safe? How do neighborhood factors affect the development of children? What factors enable some individuals to live successful, productive lives, even in high-risk neighborhoods? Why does one young person experiment only briefly with delinquency, while another goes on to a "criminal career"? The year 2000 marks the seventh anniversary of the Project. By the end of 1999, data on the social organization of neighborhoods in Chicago had been collected and analyzed, and the neighborhood segment was being redesigned for a second study. A major challenge in 2000 was expanding the capacity of the Chicago staff so that a third wave of longitudinal data could be collected. In addition, a new study component--the cost and quality of child care--was added. With the completion of the second wave of longitudinal data collection in 1999, a major focus of 2000 was to begin the longitudinal analyses and to combine the neighborhood with the individual-level data to fully utilize the multilevel design. For more information o Visit the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Web page at http://phdcn.harvard.edu. o Contact Akiva Liberman, 202-514-4919, libermaa@ojp.usdoj.gov. ADAM NIJ's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program provides a picture of drug use among booked arrestees at 35 sites across the U.S. It complements other national drug-use measurement systems such as Drug Abuse Warning Network, Monitoring the Future, and the National Household Survey. ADAM conducts quarterly surveys and tests of arrestees for drug use at 35 sites nationwide. In 2000, ADAM introduced a new scientific sampling strategy and a new data collection instrument. For the first time, local research teams interviewed local arrestees using scientifically-based samples. These samples give researchers a more sound scientific basis for reporting findings. The revised ADAM survey instrument collects data quarterly and provides local researchers with information about drug treatment, drug and alcohol abuse and dependency, and drug market activity of arrestees in their communities. ADAM seeks to help local law enforcement and treatment policymakers and practitioners use ADAM data to address problems of drugs and crime in their communities. Preliminary analysis of 2000 data finds continued high levels of drug use by arrestees, as measured by voluntary urinalysis. Marijuana was the drug most frequently detected in most of the reporting sites. Cocaine use continued at high levels among adult arrestees. The ADAM survey information about drug purchasing patterns and drug treatment needs has important implications for community responses. Preliminary 2000 data show that in most of the reporting sites, more than half of crack cocaine purchases by arrestees are made outdoors, and in 80 percent of the ADAM sites, most adult male arrestees went outside their own neighborhoods to purchase drugs. A significant percentage of adult male arrestees reported the need for drug treatment for alcohol and illegal drug use, and a high number of arrestees had no medical insurance at the time of arrest to support treatment. Jurisdictions can use these findings to shape drug enforcement and treatment strategies. And with its revised survey instrument, ADAM can better track future trends. For more information o Visit the ADAM Web page at http://www.adam-nij.net. o See 1999 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2000 (NCJ 181426). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181426.htm. ------------------ SACSI Sites The First Five Sites (Initiated in 1998) Indianapolis - Gun violence and homicide (especially drug related) Memphis - Sexual assault New Haven - Gun-related crime and community fear Portland - Youth gun violence and the role of alcohol in youth violence Winston-Salem - Youth violence The Second Five Sites (Initiated in 2000) Albuquerque - Gun violence Atlanta - Gun violence Detroit - Gun violence Rochester - Gun violence St. Louis - Gun violence ------------------ Breaking the Cycle of Crime Criminal justice professionals are often the first to refer in frustration to "revolving door" justice--shorthand for the repetitive cycle of arrest, prosecution, conviction, incarceration, release, and re-arrest. NIJ encourages researchers and practitioners to experiment with pragmatic approaches designed to break the cycle of crime. Such experimentation attempts to sever the linkages between crime and social conditions that previous research has identified as connected to criminal activity, such as the connection between drug abuse and subsequent criminal behavior. After identifying a connection, or nexus, between a type of crime and certain social conditions, NIJ designs, implements, and evaluates projects to test whether a particular research-based intervention can break the nexus and reduce the frequency or severity of the targeted offense. Such is the nature of NIJ's strategic challenge of breaking the cycle of crime. Illustrative of NIJ's efforts to meet the challenge are three projects highlighted below. Two relate to drug offenders; the third focuses on batterers. Evaluating Drug Courts Research has long established the link between drug use and crime--drug-involved offenders have high crime rates, with the frequency and severity of criminal behavior increasing as drug use rises and decreasing as drug use falls. More recent research findings suggest that when the coercive power of the criminal justice system is used to reinforce substance abuse treatment, defendants are more likely to change their behavior. Drug courts seek to exercise that power to help break the drug-crime nexus. Established in 1989, the first drug court was followed by many others. The initial impetus for their spread was the marked rise in drug prosecutions and the resulting impact on courts, prisons, and jails--and because of a revolving-door phenomenon that cycled drug offenders in and out of the justice system. Without treatment, chronic users continue to use drugs and engage in criminal activity, and when arrested, they too frequently continue their addiction upon release. The cycle of dependency can be broken with a treatment-based court-monitored program. Drug courts try to establish a treatment-oriented environment that program participants[8] can understand--one that presents clear choices and consequences. Depending on the choices made, the consequences may result in rewards or in escalating sanctions. The approach is characterized by strong judicial oversight, drug testing, long-term treatment, court appearances, and counseling. Participants who successfully complete a drug court program may be rewarded by dismissed charges, shortened sentences, or reduced penalties. Congress acknowledged the promise of drug courts in the 1994 Crime Act, which authorized grants to establish drug courts nationwide. Through funds from OJP's Drug Court Program Office, which was delegated responsibility to make the grants, NIJ in 2000 was evaluating several drug courts to: o Assess the depth of the promise and impact of drug courts. o Determine how court procedures and treatment services might be modified to enhance their effectiveness in breaking the drug-crime cycle. o Understand the characteristics associated with better drug court performance, including participant completion of drug court programs, reduction in drug use, and a decrease in subsequent criminal behavior. Underscoring the importance of the evaluations is adoption of the drug court approach in a variety of other areas, including mental health, domestic violence (as detailed later), DUI sentencing, and offender reentry. A better understanding of the drug court model will inform policymakers who seek to replicate it in treating a range of criminal behaviors and associated illnesses. Among NIJ-sponsored drug court evaluations ongoing in 2000 are a national evaluation of 6 juvenile drug courts; a national evaluation of 14 adult drug courts; and evaluations of drug courts in Kansas City, Missouri; Las Vegas, Nevada; Pensacola, Florida; and Portland, Oregon. Among the initial findings on the impact of drug court on recidivism in those four cities are the following: o Kansas City. The proportion of targeted drug court participants rearrested on any new felony offenses decreased from 50 percent to 35 percent since program startup. o Las Vegas. Drug court graduates were rearrested less frequently (46 percent) than nongraduates (76 percent) over the 3-year study period. The differences were largest when rearrest for drug offenses was examined. o Pensacola. The proportion of the targeted drug court participants rearrested on new felony charges declined from 40 percent to 12 percent since inception of the program. o Portland. In a 3-year period, drug court graduates were rearrested less frequently (35 percent) than were nongraduates (61 percent). Differences were largest for drug rearrests. The evaluations in Las Vegas and Portland also found that when contrasted with the performance of comparison group drug defendants, drug court participants generally had lower rates of re-arrest in the 1-, 2-, and 3-year followup periods, particularly for drug offenses. Focus groups of drug court participants at each of the two sites confirmed several important assumptions about the drug court approach: o Participants were generally seriously involved in substance abuse, often with long histories of such abuse and failure in treatment. o Participants often suffered from co-occurring disorders--such as mental illness--and perceived the drug court experience as a unique opportunity. o Participants viewed the drug court judge as the most important element of the treatment experience that differentiated it from other experiences in court or treatment. o Participants were highly motivated by the incentives and sanctions employed by the court and especially wanted to avoid jail. Special Approach to Breaking the Drug-Crime Cycle Justice system practitioners and treatment providers in four jurisdictions continued to experiment with an NIJ-designed special approach to change the way they "do business" with drug-using adults and juveniles in 2000.[9] The four jurisdictions are testing an approach whose design is based on prior research-- in contrast to replicating a project already under way. Known as Breaking the Cycle, a joint project of NIJ and the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the initiative incorporates elements of other successful drug intervention efforts into a system designed to fundamentally restructure the way courts, corrections, and service providers work with drug users. The Breaking the Cycle initiative includes: o Collaboration among justice and treatment system agencies. o Early intervention. o Individualized treatment and supervision plans. o Sanctions for those offenders who do not comply and incentives for those who do. o Judicial oversight of offender compliance. All arrestees are tested and assessed before their initial court appearance. Those identified as drug users are placed in the program.[10] The court sets each drug user's release or detention status and includes substance abuse intervention as part of its order. Drug users securing pretrial release or sentenced to local community supervision are assigned to a case manager, who, along with a substance abuse provider, creates an individualized supervision plan of continuous drug testing, substance abuse treatment, and other court-ordered conditions. The offender's compliance with these plans is monitored and reported at each subsequent court appearance. Case managers and the court apply immediate and graduated rewards for positive behavior and appropriate and timely sanctions for non-compliance. Detained drug users receive detention-based substance abuse treatment and education. If eventually released to community supervision, these individuals are assigned to a case manager and subject to a community-based treatment and supervision plan. If successful in the test sites, the program should reduce drug use among the subject population, reduce recidivism and delinquency in this population, improve social functioning, improve drug users' physical and mental health, and promote more effective use of justice and treatment resources. In 2000, preliminary evaluation findings applicable to the Birmingham site indicate that recidivism rates for program-supervised offenders 1 year after program participation was 23 percent, compared to 42 percent for a comparison group. Twenty percent of program participants reported continued drug use after 1 year, compared to 41 percent for the comparison group. For more information o Visit the Breaking the Cycle Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/ brekprog.htm. o Contact Elizabeth Griffith, 202-616-2008, griffite@ojp.usdoj.gov. Domestic Violence: Victim Safety, Offender Accountability One response to the growing evidence on the prevalence, nature, and significance of domestic violence is the multiyear Judicial Oversight Demonstration, a project of OJP's Violence Against Women Office and NIJ. Under way in three jurisdictions, the initiative, whose primary goal is victim safety and well-being, reflects the following principles:[11] o Strong judicial commitment to positively affect victim safety and offender accountability. o Availability of victim services and advocacy in coordination with all segments of the criminal justice system and the community. o Grassroots community and justice system partnerships, which must be strengthened or developed to promote stronger programs, supervision, and sanctions for batterers. o A strong, data-driven research component (NIJ's primary project responsibility) to measure the impact--that is, determining what works to reduce or stop domestic violence, enhance victim safety and well-being, and hold batterers accountable. Domestic violence victims are to receive assistance from victim advocates as soon as possible, an individualized safety plan, needed services (such as shelters and protection orders), notification of court proceedings, orientation on the criminal justice system, and an opportunity to provide input in case decisions. Police are expected to follow a pro-arrest policy, arresting the primary aggressor or issuing a warrant. Offender accountability and oversight are achieved through intensive court-based supervision, referral to appropriate intervention programs, and graduated sanctions to influence offender behavior. As noted earlier, an accumulation of research findings on domestic violence has spurred development and implementation of interventions to break the cycle of such violence. Compared to other criminal justice topics, there is a limited body of scientific evidence on the nature, causes, and incidence of violence against women. However, with current research efforts, this body of knowledge is growing impressively. NIJ continues to seek a deeper understanding of various facets of domestic violence through its extensive portfolio of research and evaluation in this area, such as the National Violence Against Women Survey, which is sponsored jointly by NIJ and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published by NIJ in 2000, the survey's results include such key findings as the following: o Violence against women is endemic, with such violence inflicted primarily by intimate partners (a current or former husband, cohabiting partner, boyfriend, or date), and should be classified as a major public health and criminal justice concern. o Sixty-four percent of the surveyed women who reported being raped, physically assaulted, and/or stalked since age 18 were victimized by intimate partners, which leads to the conclusion that violence against women is primarily intimate partner violence. o Of the surveyed women, 51.6 percent reported being physically assaulted at some time in their lives; 17.6 percent, raped; and 8.1 percent, stalked. o Victimization as a minor was associated with a greater likelihood of subsequent victimization. In 2000, NIJ also published a survey-based report on the sexual victimization of college women during an academic year (about 7 months). The key findings of the National College Women Sexual Victimization study included: o Nearly 3 percent of the surveyed women experienced either a completed rape (1.7 percent) or an attempted rape (1.1 percent). o The survey's percentages for completed rape and attempted rape were 11 and 6 times greater, respectively, than the percentages recorded by another survey, the National Crime Victimization Survey, whose questions were not worded as explicitly. o In about 90 percent of the rapes and attempted rapes, the victim knew the offender--most often a boyfriend, ex-boyfriend, classmate, friend, acquaintance, or co-worker. o For sexual victimization other than rape, the incident rate per 1,000 female students ranged from 9.5 (threat of rape) to 66.4 (attempted sexual contact without force). o Approximately 13 percent of surveyed female students were stalked. The study notes that the challenge now is to use the survey's information to develop programs and policies aimed at reducing female students' risk of victimization. Data-driven programs and policies, such as those embedded in the Judicial Demonstration Project, are evolving in the area of domestic violence and victimization. For more information o See Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, by Pat Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2000 (NCJ 183781). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183781.htm. o See The Sexual Victimization of College Women, by B. Fisher, F. Cullen, and M. Turner, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, December 2000 (NCJ 182369). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/pubs-sum/182369.htm. o See Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, by Pat Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2000 (NCJ 181867). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181867.htm. o Visit NIJ's Violence Against Women and Family Violence Research and Evaluation Program Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/vawprog/ welcome.html. ------------------ Expanding the Horizons The nature of crime and justice is changing--science is finding new ways to prove innocence and guilt, the Internet is globalizing the opportunities for crime, technology is introducing new devices to prevent crime, and specialized courts are trying innovative ways to reduce recidivism. Three decades ago one could only imagine body armor and wireless communications. Three decades from now, tools and techniques for gathering evidence and detecting crime will be vastly more sophisticated. And so will the tools and techniques used by criminals. The horizon upon which we have based much of our knowledge is expanding outward. Cybercrime, for example, is shaping up to be one of the most challenging policing issues in history. The Impact of Technology When the criminal justice system uses technology, it should promote public safety and make operations more efficient and effective. But even when used for socially acceptable goals, technology can fall prey to misuse. Sophisticated new technologies can help us catch criminals and prevent crime, but they also introduce new kinds of problems--privacy, acceptance, ethics. For example, will citizens accept devices that allow police to surreptitiously peer into their personal belongings to unerringly detect concealed weapons? An important part of NIJ's science and technology mission is a commitment to gaining public input and making it available to the field. Through its Citizen Acceptance Panel, NIJ convenes focus groups to explore public opinion and reaction to the development, use, and possible misuse of new technologies. In 2000, topics for the Panel included less-than-lethal weapons, closed-circuit cameras in public places, and detecting gunshots and concealed weapons. For more information o See The Evolution and Development of Police Technology: A Technical Report Prepared for the National Committee on Criminal Justice Technology, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Seaskate, Inc., July 1, 1998. Available at http://www.nlectc.org/txtfiles/ policetech.htm. o See "Technocorrections": The Promises, the Uncertain Threats, Research in Brief--Sentencing and Corrections: Issues for the 21st Century, by Tony Fabelo, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice and Corrections Program Office, May 2000 (NCJ 181411). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181411.htm. o See Privacy in the Information Age: Guidelines for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data, by Julie Wartel and Tom McEwen, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188739). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188739.htm. Validity of Scientific Evidence in Court The rules for using science in the courtroom are evolving. What is the scientific validity of certain kinds of evidence? How should scientific and technological techniques--especially new ones--be explained to juries and courts? How should science strengthen the foundation for legal decisions? What do investigators need to know to ensure that evidence holds up in court? Three fairly recent court cases have addressed the issues surrounding the admissibility of expert witness testimony in court cases. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [509 U.S. 579 (1993)] required judges to determine if expert scientific testimony is based on sound science before allowing it into evidence. In General Electric Co. v. Joiner [118 S.Ct. 512 (1997)], the court ruled that trial judges can specify the kind of scientific testimony that juries can hear. And Kumho Tire v. Carmichael Co. [119 S.Ct. 1167 (1999)] expanded the scope of the Daubert decision, requiring that any expert, scientific or otherwise, be scrutinized before testifying. NIJ is exploring the ramifications of these court rulings and preparing guides to strengthen State and local law enforcement agencies' ability to collect scientific evidence effectively. During 2000, NIJ published several additional guides for law enforcement. They include guides for crime scene investigations, explosion and bomb scene investigations, and fire and arson scene evidence. The NIJ guide to eyewitness evidence presents findings from research over the past 20 years. The booklet provides guidance on how to elicit information from witnesses, heighten the accuracy of eyewitness evidence, and improve the criminal justice system's ability to evaluate the strength and accuracy of eyewitness evidence. Other recent NIJ efforts have included guides for investigators to follow when collecting evidence, developing paint databases for crimes involving cars, and confirming the validity of entomological evidence in determining time of death. NIJ research is expanding scientific understanding of the stages and succession of insects and their anthropod relatives on a human cadaver, which can be analyzed to determine the postmortem interval (time since death) and other facts surrounding the death, such as location, placement or movement of the body, and manner of death. For more information o See National Conference on Science and the Law Proceedings, Research Forum, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2000 (NCJ 179630). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/pubs-sum/179630.htm. o See What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know about DNA Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 1999 (BC 000614). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/pubs-sum/000614.htm. o See Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 1999 (NCJ 178240). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/pubs-sum/178240.htm. o See Fire and Arson Scene Evidence: A Guide for Public Safety Personnel, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 2000 (NCJ 181584). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181584.htm. o See A Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 2000 (NCJ 181869). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/ 181869.htm. o See Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, January 2000 (NCJ 178280). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/pubs-sum/178280.htm. o See "Insects as Investigative Tools," NIJ Journal, January 2000:42 ("At-A-Glance") (JR 000242). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals/ jr000242.htm. Globalization of Crime Criminal justice professionals today are increasingly being asked to deal with offenses and offenders whose origins and connections lie outside the United States: trafficked prostitutes from Southeast Asia and the former Soviet Union, migrant workers being smuggled into the United States, an array of credit card and banking frauds, automobiles stolen for shipment overseas--the list goes on. Just as many aspects of our lives have become part of a global village-- transportation, communications, economic affairs--so, too, has crime taken on a global dimension. The same political and economic changes and technological advances that support easy international travel, communication, and business transactions also facilitate a criminal's ability to commit crimes that transcend borders. NIJ's International Center stimulates and facilitates research and evaluation on transnational and comparative crime and justice issues. Through a number of venues, they disseminate the knowledge gained throughout the national and international criminal justice communities. One of the Center's major activities in 2000 involved a $1.1 million partnership with researchers in Ukraine. The project supports American and Ukrainian researchers who are collaborating on joint studies of organized crime, drug trafficking, and human trafficking in Ukraine. The project is also assessing law enforcement training delivered to Ukrainians by Americans and is building Internet connectivity among American and Ukrainian researchers and practitioners. Why Ukraine? Because the U.S. State Department has designated Ukraine as a high-priority nation for U.S. assistance--it is in fact, the third largest recipient of U.S. foreign aid. Because Ukraine is an emerging democracy that supports American interests in the former Soviet Union. And because the United States has an interest in helping Ukraine reduce crime, improve law enforcement, and thereby achieve political, economic, and social stability. Other key events of the International Center include launch of the International Center's Web site and sponsorship of and participation in several joint workshops with the United Nations Crime Congress. For more information o Visit NIJ's International Center at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/ international. o See "Meeting the Challenge of Transnational Crime," by James O. Finckenauer in NIJ Journal, July 2000 (JR 000244). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ nij/journals/jr000244.htm. Fostering Public Trust Despite declining crime rates and greater diversity and professionalism in the criminal justice fields, public confidence in the criminal justice system remains low. Over the last several years when the Gallup Organization polls Americans about their confidence in institutions, the criminal justice system has consistently ranked low. In June 2000, criminal justice ranked lower than newspapers, big business, and organized labor (see http://www.gallup.com/poll/ indicators/indconfidence.asp). This lack of trust and confidence in the system, despite a decrease in crime, may be the most troubling issue on the horizon for criminal justice. In late 1999 through 2000, NIJ explored these pressing issues. In partnership with the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Policy Development (OPD), NIJ invited critical thinkers to identify the key issues facing criminal justice in the near future. In the discussions, that same theme repeatedly came to the forefront: the public's cynicism about the system. Two additional topics also were identified: (1) trends in sentencing and corrections, and (2) the impact of technology. All three topics were subsequently discussed at roundtable sessions where the give and take was honest and frank. The roundtable discussion has helped NIJ identify challenges for the next decade. Several sources have found that the public's perception of the system is colored by the way police treat citizens.[12] A body of work about community policing is showing that process makes a difference to communities. Although many factors outside police control can affect crime, process remains subject to police control. In one study, arrestees who believed the police treated them with respect and fairness were less likely to recidivate than offenders who perceived that the arresting procedures were unfair. Tom Tyler's evidence suggests that it may matter less whether you receive a speeding ticket than whether the police officer addresses you politely or rudely during a traffic stop. Tyler concludes that conducting business fairly and showing respect affect the level of trust citizens have in both the legal system and in government. For more information o See "Effective Police Management Affects Citizen Perceptions," by Robert C. Davis and Pedro Mateu-Gelabert, NIJ Research in Progress Seminar video (NCJ 181106); and NIJ Journal, July 2000:24 ("At A Glance") (JR 000244). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals/jr000244.htm. ------------------ Sharing Information NIJ employs a range of strategies for disseminating information to audiences who can use the information to improve criminal justice. A robust publications effort is supplemented by the use of electronic dissemination through the Internet, and a range of conferences and meetings enhance communications within the criminal justice field. A National Clearinghouse Part of NIJ's congressional mandate is to disseminate information. For 28 years, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) has served as NIJ's national clearinghouse for criminal justice information. The NCJRS collection of criminal justice-related materials grew to more than 166,000 items in 2000. Each item is cataloged in the NCJRS Abstracts Database, which is fully searchable online. Many of these items, including all NIJ documents published since the mid-1990's, are available online from the NCJRS Web site (http://www.ncjrs.org). During fiscal year 2000, NCJRS mailed out more than 7.6 million publications and hosted 17.4 million visits to its Web site. In September 2000, NCJRS inaugurated its online ordering system. In the first month of operation, 220 orders were processed online. NIJ Publications NIJ continues to publish the results of its research, development, and evaluation efforts and to distribute these publications to targeted lists of criminal justice professionals, researchers, and State and local government officials. In addition, all NIJ publications are available from the NIJ Web site. A complete list of documents published by NIJ in 2000 is included in Appendix C. A few of the documents published in 2000 are highlighted below. Criminal Justice 2000 volumes. To usher in the new millennium, the National Institute of Justice commissioned more than 60 criminal justice professionals to reflect on criminal justice research accomplishments and analyze current and emerging trends in crime and criminal justice practices in the United States. The result is the four-volume series Criminal Justice 2000, which examines how research has influenced today's policies and practices and how future policies and practices can build on the current state of knowledge. The themes developed for these volumes were purposefully broad in scope to provide contributors the freedom to explore issues across criminal justice disciplines. Topics include criminology, drugs and crime, juvenile justice, immigration and crime, domestic violence, community justice, mental illness and the criminal justice system, community policing, sentencing reform, information technology, fear of crime, and court performance. The volumes are designed to stimulate thought and discussion among policymakers, practitioners, and scientists and to result in future research endeavors. The themes addressed in the volumes shaped the structure of the 2000 Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation. The Criminal Justice 2000 volumes are available online at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/cj2000.htm. Guides for law enforcement. Among the most requested publications in 2000 were a series of guides produced for law enforcement and public safety personnel that serve as handbooks for recommended practices and cover a range of law enforcement tasks--death investigation, eyewitness evidence, crime scene investigation, explosion and bomb scene investigation, and fire and arson scene investigation.[13] The guides were developed by technical working groups convened by NIJ and were comprised of experts in each field of study. Use of the guides will help ensure that these important law enforcement functions are performed effectively. A related publication, What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence, (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/000614.htm), was published by NIJ in cooperation with the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence. Copies of this important document on the fundamentals of DNA evidence and its proper collection were delivered to every law enforcement agency in the United States in 2000 for distribution to their sworn officers. Research in Progress NIJ's Research in Progress series brings top scholars to NIJ to discuss their ongoing criminal justice research projects. The lectures are followed by questions and discussion with the audience. The sessions are available on videotape as a learning tool for criminal justice professionals. Conferences In a world where instantaneous global communication is routine, still the most effective communication can occur when people meet face-to-face. NIJ sponsors a range of meetings, conferences, and working groups to stimulate communication with and among those in the criminal justice field. Perspectives on Crime and Justice. This lecture series was begun by NIJ as a means for policymakers and researchers to hear top scholars in the criminal justice field discuss prominent issues of the day. The lectures are held in Washington, D.C. The papers presented are compiled in a yearly volume,[14] and videotapes of the lectures are available from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Presentations in fiscal year 2000 included: o Franklin Zimring, Earl Warren Legal Institute, University of California at Berkeley, "The New Politics of Criminal Justice: Of ÔThree Strikes,' Truth-in-Sentencing, and Megan's Laws," December 8, 1999. o Richard B. Freeman, National Bureau of Economic Research, Harvard University, and Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, "Does the Booming Economy Help Explain the Fall in Crime?" February 23, 2000. o William A. Vega, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, "A Profile of Crime, Violence, and Drug Use Among Mexican Immigrants," March 15, 2000. o Lawrence W. Sherman, Fels Center of Government, University of Pennsylvania, "Reducing Gun Violence: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising," April 5, 2000. o Heather B. Weiss, Harvard Family Research Project, "Reinventing Evaluation to Build High-Performance Child and Family Interventions," May 3, 2000. See "Key NIJ Conferences During FY 2000" for descriptions of other conferences and meetings sponsored by NIJ during 2000. Fellowships NIJ administers a full roster of fellowship programs to encourage further inquiry into important criminal justice issues. NIJ's Visiting Fellowship Program supports research and development on high-priority topics that enhance the capabilities of the criminal justice system to combat crime, violence, and substance abuse. The Program offers criminal justice professionals and researchers an opportunity to undertake independent research on topics of mutual interest while in residence at NIJ for 6 to 18 months. Visiting Fellowship Program awards also are periodically made to Fellows on behalf of NIJ's Crime Mapping Research Center, International Center, and Corrections and Law Enforcement and Family Support program. NIJ's Graduate Research Fellowship Program provides dissertation research support to outstanding doctoral students undertaking independent research on issues in crime and justice. The Program expands the pool of research talent by attracting doctoral students who have innovative ideas to contribute to pressing justice problems. The National Institute of Justice supports diversity in both approach and perspective by encouraging students from every academic discipline to apply. NIJ's research portfolio includes a body of work that explores diverse perspectives addressing criminal justice research questions. The W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program seeks to advance the field of knowledge regarding the confluence of crime, justice, and culture in various societal contexts. DuBois Fellows are asked to focus on these policy-relevant topics in a manner that truly reflects their saliency as an integral part of the American past, present, and increasingly, its future. The DuBois Fellowship complements NIJ's other fellowships by providing talented researchers early in their careers with an opportunity to elevate independently-generated research projects to the level of national discussion. NIJ awarded its first W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship in 2000. (See "NIJ Fellowships Awarded or Active in 2000.") ------------------ 2000 Research in Progress Videotapes Laura Dugan, Ph.D., Georgia State University; Daniel Nagin, Ph.D., Carnegie Mellon University; and Richard Rosenfeld, Ph.D., University of Missouri-St. Louis: The Declining Rate of Intimate Partner Homicide. NCJ 180212 Robert C. Davis, Senior Research Associate, and Pedro Mateu-Gelabert, Research Associate, Vera Institute of Justice: Police Management, Citizen Complaints, and Attitudes Toward the Police. NCJ 181106 Faye Taxman, Associate Research Professor, University of Maryland: Controlling Drug-Involved Offenders With Sanctions and Treatment. NCJ 181900 Linda Teplin, Director, Psycho-Legal Studies Program, Northwestern University Medical School: Mental Health of Youthful Offenders. NCJ 182371 Richard J. Estes, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, School of Social Work, University of Pennsylvania; and Neil Weiner, Ph.D., Senior Investigator, Center for Youth Policy Studies, University of Pennsylvania: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. NCJ 183475 Mercer Sullivan, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Vera Institute of Justice, and Associate Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University: Adolescent Violence: Victims, Witnesses, and Offenders. NCJ 182372 Finn-Aage Esbensen, Professor, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha: The National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program. NCJ 185668 Mary Ann Dutton, Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University: An Ecological Model of Battered Women's Experience Over Time. NCJ 186182 Call NCJRS at 800-851-3420 to order these videotapes. ------------------ Key NIJ Conferences During FY 2000 (Due to space limitations, only some key conferences and events held during fiscal year 2000 are listed here.) o Annual Conference on Research and Evaluation, "Change: Past, Present, Future," July 16-19, 2000, Washington, D.C. NIJ's premier conference highlighted current research in the field from the perspective of both researchers and practitioners. o National Conference on Science and the Law, "Emerging Trends: Scientific Evidence in the Courtroom," October 11-14, 2000, San Diego, California. The goals of the conference were to improve understanding among scientists, attorneys, and judges and to develop questions for future research on the role of science and scientists in the criminal justice system. o Fourth Annual ADAM Conference, May 2-4, 2000, Phoenix, Arizona. The conference featured presentations on ADAM trend data, the new ADAM interview instrument, and probability-based sampling plans and encouraged participants to share ideas, exchange solutions to mutual problems, and strengthen networks. o Fourth Annual Mock Prison Riot, May 14-17, 2000, Moundsville, West Virginia. This event, which takes place each year at a former maximum security penitentiary, showcased both existing and emerging technologies for corrections and demonstrated their application in a realistic setting. o Fifth Annual Conference on the Future of DNA Evidence: Implications for the Criminal Justice System, May 8-9, 2000, New York, New York. This conference highlighted important advances in the technologies, methods, and practices of forensic sciences. o Technologies for Public Safety in Critical Incident Response, June 7-10, 2000, Denver, Colorado. This conference brought together representatives of law enforcement agencies, fire departments, emergency medical services, and other first responders to see and hear about the latest tools and technologies available for incident response and management. o Third National Workshop on Sentencing and Corrections, June 1-2, 2000, Hilton Head, South Carolina. Delegations from each State, including the governor's chief of staff, State legislators, correctional administrators, State Supreme Court justices, and the State Byrne director, were invited. More than 400 participants discussed strategic planning and fiscal decisions, serious juvenile offenders, prisoner reentry, special populations, and sentencing reform. o Fourth Annual International Crime Mapping Conference, "Wheredunit? Investigating the Role of Place in Crime and Criminality," December 9-12, 2000, San Diego, California. With a focus on the increasing role of geographic information systems (GIS) in investigations, this conference looked at the use of GIS in school safety, multijurisdictional cases, and juvenile criminal justice. Of major interest was how GIS sheds light on the "broken windows" theory. o Technology Fair on Capitol Hill, May 24-25, 2000, Washington, D.C. Conducted for members of Congress and their staffs, the Technology Fair showcased the latest developments in law enforcement and corrections technology, including less-than-lethal approaches, DNA testing, and counterterrorism. o Fourth Annual Technology Institute: Law Enforcement, July 23-28, 2000, Washington, D.C. This institute brought together 26 midlevel law enforcement managers from across the country to learn about and discuss with their peers technology initiatives and other issues affecting the entire law enforcement community. The sessions included a tour of the technologies used at FBI Headquarters and a demonstration of AGILE (Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement) at the Alexandria, Virginia, Police Department. o Fourth Annual Technology Institute: Corrections, October 29-November 3, 2000, Washington, D.C. This weeklong institute brought together 24 corrections professionals from 17 States to discuss corrections technology. The goals of the meeting were to educate participants about applicable technologies, provide networking opportunities, and inform NIJ of practitioners' technology concerns. ------------------ NIJ Fellowships Awarded or Active in 2000 W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Becky Tatum Georgia State University "The Role of Social Support on Adolescent Crime: Identifying Race, Class, and Gender Variations" Visiting Fellowships David Bayley "Frontiers of Policing" James Cameron "A Spatial Analysis of Rural Crime in Appalachia" (Crime Mapping Visiting Fellowship) Roger L. Conner "Community Safety Law" Robert J. Delprino "Consolidating and Expanding the Development and Understanding of CLEFS" (Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Program Visiting Fellowship) Gloria Laycock "Social Research: Getting It Right for Practitioners and Policy" Vuriy Voronin "A Study of Scope, Character, and Impact of the Phenomenon of Transnational Crime" (International Visiting Fellowship) Janine Wedel "Institutional Change, Criminal Organizations, and the Rocky Road to 'Transition' in Russia and Eastern Europe" (International Visiting Fellowship) Graduate Research Fellowships Edward Allen State University of New York at Albany "Policing by Injunction: Problem-Oriented Characteristics of Civil Gang Abatement" Sarah Dugan Goodrum University of Texas at Austin "Homicide Bereavement and the Criminal Justice System" Caterina Gouvis American University "Routine Activities of Youth: The Importance of Place and Time in Understanding Victimization In and Around Schools" Jarret S. Lovell Rutgers University "Media Power and Information Control: A Study of Police Organizations and Media Relations" Jeff Maahs University of Cincinnati "Maternal Risk Factors, Early Life Events, and Deviant Outcomes: Assessing Pathways From Birth Through Adolescence" Stephanie M. Myers State University of New York at Albany "Policing Juveniles: The Impact of Officer and Situational Characteristics on the Use of Authority and Provision of Support" Amie Schuck State University of New York "Understanding the Role of Communities in the Long-Term Criminal Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment" Thomas Wadsworth University of Washington "Neighborhoods, Jobs, and Criminal Behavior" ------------------ Notes 1. Roth, Jeffrey A., and Joseph F. Ryan et al., National Evaluation of the COPS Program: Title I of the 1994 Crime Act, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, August 2000 (NCJ 183643). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183643.htm. See also Roth, Jeffrey A., and Joseph F. Ryan, The COPS Program After 4 Years--National Evaluation, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, August 2000 (NCJ 183644). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183644.htm. 2. Tjaden, Patricia, and Nancy Thoennes, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2000 (NCJ 183781). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183781.htm. (The study was supported jointly by NIJ and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.) See also Fisher, Bonnie S., Francis T. Cullen, and Michael G. Turner, The Sexual Victimization of College Women, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, December 2000 (NCJ 182369). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/182369.htm. (This study was supported jointly by NIJ and OJP's Bureau of Justice Statistics.) 3. Finn, Peter, Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies, Issues and Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, December 2000 (NCJ 183474). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183474.htm. 4. Goldstein, Herman, Problem-Oriented Policing, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990. 5. The finalists were Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department; Vancouver, British Columbia, Police Department; Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, Police Department; and Joliet, Illinois, Police Department, and a second entry from the San Diego, California, Police Department. 6. Greenfield, Lawrence A., and Steven Smith, American Indians and Crime, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, February 1999 (NCJ 173386). 7. This program was formerly the DNA Laboratory Improvement Program. 8. Eligibility criteria for program participation vary. For example, arrestees who have a history of violent crime, drug trafficking, or three or more nondrug felony convictions may be ineligible to participate. 9. The four jurisdictions are Birmingham, Alabama (field test was completed in 2000, the program continues with local funding); Eugene, Oregon (juveniles); Jacksonville, Florida; and Tacoma, Washington. 10. The program targets all felony offenders who use drugs. Generally, drug courts and other diversion and supervision programs focus on a narrower group who satisfy program criteria, such as nonviolent offenders with serious addictions. 11. The three jurisdictions are Boston (Dorchester district), Massachusetts; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Washtenaw County (Ann Arbor), Michigan. 12. See, for example, Tyler, T., Why People Obey the Law, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990; Tyler, T., "Trust and Democratic Governance," in Trust and Governance, eds. V. Braithwaite and M. Levi, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998; Sherman, L., H. Strang, G. Barnes, et al., Experiments in Restorative Policing: A Progress Report on the Canberra Reintegrative Shaming Experiments, Law Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra (www.aic.gov.au/rjustice), June 7, 2001. 13. The guides include Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/167568.htm); Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/ 178240.htm); Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/178280.htm); A Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/ 181869.htm); Fire and Arson Scene Evidence: A Guide for Public Safety Personnel (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/181584.htm). 14. Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184245.htm). ------------------ Timeline By highlighting some of the significant events and accomplishments of the National Institute of Justice in past years, this timeline seeks to place the agency's 2000 activities in the context of the Institute's historical role, which was foreshadowed in 1967 by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. The Commission concluded that of all the needs of the criminal justice system, "the greatest need is the need to know." With reference to the justice system, the Commission noted that there is probably "no subject of comparable concern to which the Nation is devoting so many resources and so much effort with so little knowledge of what it is doing" and that there is virtually "no subject connected with crime or justice into which further research is unnecessary." When research cannot supply final answers, "it can provide data crucial to making informed policy judgments." 1968 Congress passes the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, which creates NIJ (then called the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice) to support a Federal criminal justice research effort to help State and local governments improve police, courts, and corrections. 1969 With 35 employees and a budget of $2.5 million, NIJ begins operations. Awards during the first year encompass several key areas: law enforcement communications systems, crime prevention and rehabilitation, technology, and management and organization of the criminal justice system. 1970 NIJ evaluates methadone maintenance as a means of dealing with drug abuse and related crime. 1971 NIJ establishes the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards to begin filling a long-standing need for scientifically based standards for criminal justice equipment. (NIJ continues the program today with the National Institute of Standards and Testing at the U.S. Department of Commerce.) 1972 (1) NIJ begins to fund development of soft body armor for police, an initiative destined to save thousands of officers from serious injury and death in subsequent years. (2) NIJ-funded research on "defensible space" links the physical design of buildings to neighborhoods' vulnerability and leads to models of crime prevention through urban design. (3) NIJ launches the National Criminal Justice Reference Service to collect and disseminate criminal justice-related information. 1974 (1) Findings are published from the NIJ-funded Kansas City (Missouri) Preventive Patrol Experiment, which tested the then-common assumption that by driving more or less randomly in a given area, officers in patrol cars prevented crime, made the public feel more secure, and increased the chances of arresting suspects. Study results indicated that preventive patrol did not necessarily prevent crime or reassure the public. Subsequently, many police departments issued officers specific proactive assignments rather than directing them to randomly cruise the streets. (2) NIJ funded testing of night vision devices, eventually leading to their widespread use by law enforcement agencies. 1975 (1) NIJ-sponsored research on sentencing disparities begins. (2) An NIJ-funded study reveals the difficulties victims face in the criminal justice system; recommended reforms lead to the creation of victim assistance programs nationwide. 1976 Findings of an NIJ-funded study indicate that police response time is unrelated to the probability of making an arrest or locating a witness, challenging traditional assumptions and leading to changes in many police departments. 1977 (1) NIJ-sponsored research on criminal investigation concludes that the probability of an arrest is largely determined by the information that patrol officers obtain in their preliminary investigations at crime scenes. If specific types of information are not collected at the time, the research indicates that the chances of solving a case are low, despite the intensity of a follow-up investigation. These findings led to the identification of "solvability factors," which became guides for prioritizing follow-up investigations. (2) NIJ initiates the crime laboratory proficiency testing program to measure the analytical accuracy of evidence analysis nationwide. 1978 (1) NIJ examines new techniques for detecting and identifying explosives. (2) Under an NIJ grant, more than 300 forensic laboratory specialists are taught how to analyze types of evidence posing the greatest difficulties for forensic examination. 1980 (1) NIJ funds an experiment in Minneapolis to explore options for police responses to domestic violence calls. Published in 1984, findings indicated that arrest of, and a night in jail for, a suspect appeared to significantly cut the risk of repeat violence against the same victim, a finding that motivated many police departments to require an arrest in domestic violence situations. (2) NIJ publishes findings of research exploring why career criminals so often "beat the system." Such research lays the groundwork for the emergence of career criminal prosecution programs. 1981 Results of the NIJ-sponsored Newark, New Jersey, Foot Patrol Experiment are released. This and subsequent experiments, including those focusing on problem-oriented policing, tested whether various forms of foot patrol, door-to-door contact, and other positive contacts between police and the community could reduce fear of crime and improve neighborhood life. Such research foreshadowed the development of community policing. 1983 Findings of NIJ-supported research on pretrial release are published and suggest that an objective method exists to identify which defendants are most likely to appear for trial. Courts begin implementing formal pretrial release guidelines modeled after the original research. 1985 NIJ-sponsored research on probation in California finds that routine probation provides insufficient punishment for offenders and inadequate protection for the community. This finding helps spur interest in intermediate sanctions (e.g., boot camps, house arrest, intensive supervision, and electronic monitoring). 1986 NIJ begins support for the development of DNA technology applicable to criminal justice. 1987 NIJ initiates the analysis of drug use by booked arrestees through its Drug Use Forecasting program (later renamed the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program). 1988 NIJ designates white-collar crime as a priority research area. Subsequently, the Institute funds major studies on savings and loan fraud, insurance and securities fraud, money laundering, computer crime, telemarketing fraud, environmental crime, and public corruption. 1990 (1) NIJ initiates several efforts to improve DNA testing. (2) NIJ and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation join to establish the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, which begins examining the social development of 7,000 individuals from birth to age 24 and gauging influences on delinquency and crime. 1991 NIJ provides technical assistance to expand private sector involvement in prison industries programs. 1994 NIJ creates a system of regional technology centers (the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers) to respond to the need for technology information and assistance. 1995 NIJ initiates major research and evaluation efforts in community policing, violence against women, sentencing and corrections, and drug courts--program areas included in the 1994 Crime Act. 1996 (1) NIJ awards funds to enhance State and local DNA laboratory processing capabilities, publishes a report documenting case studies in which DNA evidence presented after trial led to the release of inmates convicted of violent felonies, and sponsors a national conference on the future of DNA. (2) In partnership with the Office of National Drug Control Policy, NIJ launches Breaking the Cycle, a program to determine the impact of early identification, treatment, drug testing, judicial oversight, and sanctions on reducing drug use by offenders. (3) NIJ issues the first annual report to Congress on stalking and domestic violence in response to a congressional mandate. 1997 (1) NIJ establishes the Crime Mapping Research Center and the International Center. (2) In response to a congressional mandate, NIJ publishes Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. 1998 (1) At the request of the Attorney General, NIJ forms the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, leading to a series of recommendations on the use of DNA in the criminal justice system. (2) NIJ's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program expands and improves the Drug Use Forecasting program, analyzing arrestee drug use across the country. 1999 (1) In collaboration with other agencies, NIJ works with policymakers, judges, and correctional officials to address challenges posed by the reentry of large numbers of prisoners into communities. More than 500,000 inmates were expected to be released from State prisons in 1999, about 200,000 more inmates than were in State prisons in 1979. (2) NIJ prepares guidelines on crime scene investigation, death investigation, and eyewitness evidence using expert panels to identify consensus best practices. 2000 "Read on" . . . ------------------ Appendixes Appendix A: Organization and Financial Data NIJ's internal organization, shown in exhibit 1, "Organization of NIJ," reflects the discrete missions of each component of the Institute: o The Office of the Director sets the Institute's agenda, develops strategic plans and policies, initiates collaboration with other government and private agencies, and oversees the Institute's budget and management activities. o The Office of Development and Communications develops and tests research-based programs, brings promising new practices to the attention of the field, and communicates findings and technological innovations through multiple methods. Priority is given to the needs of State and local officials and criminal justice practitioners. The new International Center focuses on crime and justice issues that transcend national boundaries and have impact on State and local criminal justice systems. o The Office of Research and Evaluation develops, conducts, directs, and supervises comprehensive research and evaluation activities. The range of research and evaluation cuts across a wide array of distinct topics within the Institute's charter. Three programs operate as distinct centers of activity: the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program; the Crime Mapping Research Center; and the Data Resources Program, which ensures the preservation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded research. o The Office of Science and Technology directs and supervises technology research, development, and demonstrations to provide law enforcement and corrections agencies access to the best technologies available. It also provides technology assistance so that these agencies can enhance their capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Technology assistance is provided through the network of the regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers. Exhibit 1: Organization of NIJ Exhibit 2: Trends in NIJ's Research and Development Portfolio, FY 1994-2000 Exhibit 3: Sources of NIJ Funds, in Millions, FY 1994-2000 Exhibit 4: Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total Expenditures, FY 2000 ------------------ Appendix B: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 2000 (includes first-time awards and supplements to previous awards) Community Justice Community, Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategy Seattle, City of Nancy McPherson $625,000 00-IJ-CX-K001 Community Prosecution: Rethinking Organizational Strategies and Criminal Justice Performance Measures Barbara Boland $69,797 95-IJ-CX-0112 Seattle COMPASS Research Partner Northwest Crime and Social Research, Inc. Joe Kabel $275,000 00-IJ-CX-0016 Corrections Applying Problem-Solving Approaches to Reentry Hudson Institute Edmund McGarrell $59,463 00-CE-VX-0002 Community Supervision: Determining High-Risk and Low-Risk Offenders George Washington University James Austin $100,000 00-IJ-CX-0029 Corrections Field Test Design: An Evaluation Abt Associates Inc. David Hayeslip $499,678 00-FS-VX-K003 Evidence-Based Enhancement of the Detection, Prevention, and Treatment of Mental Illness in the Correction Systems Julian Ford $750,000 00-IJ-CX-0044 Impact of Educational Experience on Incarceration Rates University of Maryland-College Park Gary LaFree $114,904 00-IJ-CX-0025 Reparative Versus Traditional Probation: A Tri-State Analysis University of New Hampshire Jack Humphrey $192,564 00-IJ-CX-0033 Research on Incarcerated Women University of South Carolina Lois Wright $359,183 00-WT-VX-0010 Sentencing-Related Changes in Correctional Health University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Jacques Baillargeon $140,924 00-CE-VX-0001 Suicide and Native American Jail Detainees University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Margaret E. Severson $180,763 99-IJ-CX-0016 Technology in Corrections American Correctional Association John Greene $100,000 96-LB-VX-K004 Trends in Substance Abuse and Treatment Needs Among Inmates Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University Steven Belenko $34,885 00-IJ-CX-0019 Women's Recidivism and Community Reintegration University of Illinois Patricia O'Brien $298,756 00-IJ-CX-0038 Courts Assessing the Efficacy of Treatment Modalities Used by Drug Courts University of Southern Maine Donald Anspach $250,000 00-DC-VX-0008 Child Abuse and Neglect Cases: A Review of Specialized Courts Urban Institute Adele Harrell $33,430 97-IJ-CX-0013 Cook County Target Abuser Call: An Evaluation of a Specialized Domestic Violence Court University of Iowa Carolyn Copps Hartley $379,665 00-WT-VX-0003 Interdisciplinary Conference on the Jury in the 21st Century Brooklyn Law School Lawrence Solan $30,000 00-LT-BX-K003 National Evaluation of Juvenile Drug Courts Urban Institute Jeffrey Butts $700,000 00-DC-VX-K003 Red Hook Community Court: A Baseline Assessment Columbia University Jeffrey Fagan $374,981 00-MU-MU-0006 Study of the Determinants of Case Growth in U.S. Federal Court University of Mississippi William F. Shughart II $250,000 00-IJ-CX-0042 Understanding Court Culture and Improving Court Performance National Center for State Courts Victor E. Flango $285,896 00-IJ-CX-0030 Crime Prevention Crime Prevention, General Accessing Technology, Methods, and Information for Committing and Combating Electronic Crime Utica College of Syracuse University Gary R. Gordon $191,548 00-LT-BX-K002 A Descriptive and Predictive Model of Organized Crime Virginia Commonwealth University Jay S. Albanese $72,419 00-IJ-CX-0009 Maternal Risk Factors, Early Life Events, and Deviant Outcomes University of Cincinnati Jeff Maahs $15,000 00-IJ-CX-0010 Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Harvard College Felton J. Earls $2,200,000 93-IJ-CX-K005 Telemarketing Fraud: An Exploratory Study University of Tennessee-Knoxville Neal Shover $92,279 00-IJ-CX-0028 Understanding the Effects of Employment and Labor Markets on Crime University of Washington Robert D. Crutchfield $206,550 00-IJ-CX-0026 Understanding the Role of Communities in the Long-Term Criminal Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment Research Foundation of the State University of New York-Albany Amie M. Schuck $15,000 00-IJ-CX-0031 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) Community Safety Initiative Evaluation Component University of Illinois-Chicago Dennis P. Rosenbaum $443,233 99-IJ-CX-K013 Evaluation of Winston-Salem's SACSI Winston-Salem State University Lynn K. Harvey $88,189 00-IJ-CX-0048 Memphis Strategic Team Against Rape and Sexual Assault University of Memphis Christopher Jones $50,000 00-JN-FX-0002 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative University of Missouri-St. Louis Scott H. Decker $230,000 00-IJ-CX-K008 Drugs and Crime Drugs and Crime, General Estimate of the Incidence of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault University of Illinois Adam Negrusz $150,596 00-RB-CX-K003 Illicit Substance Detection Gordon Research Conferences Carlyle B. Storm $20,000 97-LB-VX-0007 Improving Statistical Models for Estimating Drug Users University of California-Los Angeles M. Douglas Anglin $127,629 00-IJ-CX-0017 Is Job Accessibility Relevant to Crime Patterns? University of Northern Illinois Fahui Wang $34,996 00-IJ-CX-0023 Neighborhoods, Jobs, and Criminal Involvement University of Washington Robert D. Crutchfield $15,000 00-IJ-CX-0022 Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) Program Two-Year Outcome of South Carolina's RSAT Prisoners Program University of South Carolina Mitchell J. Miller $99,171 00-RT-VX-K001 Information Dissemination and General Support Annual Review of Justice Research Castine Research Corporation Michael Tonry $199,113 92-IJ-CX-K044 Committee on Law and Justice Core Support National Academy of Sciences Faith Mitchell $245,000 98-IJ-CX-0030 Crime and Justice Atlas: Centennial Edition Justice Research and Statistics Association Joan C. Weiss $147,091 00-IJ-CX-0005 Journal of Research in Crime and Justice John Jay College-Research Foundation of the City University of New York Todd Clear $112,951 00-IJ-CX-0036 Media Power and Information Control Rutgers State University of New Jersey George L. Kelling $15,000 00-IJ-CX-0046 Pickett Fellowship in Criminal Justice Policy and Management Harvard College Susan Michaelson $49,900 92-IJ-CX-0012 Technology Conference Support Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc. Jim Scutt $569,816 99-LT-VX-K021 International Crime Costs of Illegal Immigrants for Border Counties US/Mexico Border County Coalition Tanis J. Salant $300,000 00-IJ-CX-0020 Creating a Database on Transnational Crime Robin W. Burnham $67,500 00-IJ-CX-0024 Estimating the Flow of Illegal Drugs Through Ukraine Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunworth $55,490 00-IJ-CX-0008 The Internet Studio: Building the Infrastructure for the World Justice Information Network Rule of Law Foundation Sergey Chapkey $154,000 98-IJ-CX-K004 Preventing Organized Crime in Ukraine University of Pittsburgh Phil Williams $43,759 00-IJ-CX-0006 Trafficking in Women From Ukraine University of Rhode Island Donna M. Hughes $55,221 00-IJ-CX-0007 Law Enforcement Policing, General Action Research to Assess and Aid Partnership Initiatives University of Maryland-College Park Faye S. Taxman $150,000 00-IJ-CX-0045 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Comprehensive Models of Police Performance Measurement Systems Police Executive Research Forum Lorie Fridell $349,897 00-IJ-CX-K003 Evaluation of the Local Law Enforcement Block Grant Program Cosmos Corporation Robert Yin $549,977 97-LB-VX-0013 Measuring the Effectiveness of the Police Corps Model Cosmos Corporation Antony Pate $198,435 00-IJ-CX-0027 Police Restructuring in the District of Columbia: An Evaluation Urban Institute Jeffrey Roth $420,000 98-IJ-CX-K007 Social Research: Getting It Right for Practitioners and Policymakers Gloria Laycock $39,633 99-IJ-CX-0050 Transferring Responsibility for Child Welfare to a Law Enforcement Agency: An Evaluation University of Pennsylvania Richard Gelles $297,208 00-IJ-CX-0002 Community Policing Assessing Community Policing in the District of Columbia Northwestern University Wesley G. Skogan $138,835 00-IJ-CX-0001 Community-Oriented Policing: Assessing the Effects National Academy of Sciences Carol Petrie $1,300,000 00-IJ-CX-0014 Evaluation of Comprehensive Indian Resources for the Community and Law Enforcement Agencies Harvard College Joseph P. Kalt $270,000 00-MU-MU-0015 Monitoring Community Policing in Chicago Northwestern University Wesley G. Skogan $199,862 00-IJ-CX-0037 Patterns of Community Policing George Mason University Stephen D. Mastrofski $313,339 00-IJ-CX-0021 Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Prevention: Why Are Interventions Effective? Anthony A. Braga $40,000 99-IJ-CX-0023 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Behavioral Science Video Resources for Native American, Rural, and Other Underserved Police Departments Fraternal Order of Police-Old Pueblo Lodge #51 Larry A. Morris $121,778 00-LS-VX-0004 Comprehensive Wellness Program Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court Matt Movak $50,000 00-FS-VX-K001 Families, Officers, and Corrections Understanding Stress Connecticut Department of Corrections Michael McGarthy $99,990 00-FS-VX-0001 Law Enforcement Field Test Design: An Evaluation Abt Associates Inc. David Hayeslip $499,990 00-FS-VX-K004 Stress Training for Probation Officers and Their Families Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department Bennett Lachner $42,255 00-FS-VX-K002 Training for Officers and Spouses Lubbock Police Department Ken A. Walker $99,887 99-FS-VX-0005 Schools Crime and School: Place, Opportunity, and Routine Activities American University James P. Lynch $14,989 00-IJ-CX-0012 Development of a Speech-to-Forms Translator for School Police and Safety Personnel Language Systems, Inc. Christine Montgomery $149,999 99-LT-VX-K025 National Assessment of School Resource Officer Programs Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunworth $699,975 00-IJ-CX-K002 Safe School Technologies MATCOM William Walsh $249,753 99-LT-VX-K015 Safe Schools, Law Enforcement, and Corrections Research Support George Mason University Stephen D. Mastrofski $49,969 00-RD-CX-K003 Testing a Drug Detection and Identification System in Secondary Schools Using Nontoxic Aerosol Technology Mistral Security, Inc. Eyal Banai $298,965 00-RD-CX-K004 Sentencing Getting to Death: Fairness and Efficiency in Death Penalty Cases Columbia University Jeff Fagan $259,467 00-IJ-CX-0035 Public Perceptions of Appropriate Prison Sentences Vanderbilt University Mark A. Cohen $251,811 99-CE-VX-0001 Technology Development Officer Protection and Crime Prevention Technologies Development of an Authorized-User-Only Handgun Smith & Wesson Kevin G. Foley $300,000 00-RD-CX-K001 Development of Safe Gun Technology FN Manufacturing, Inc. Jean-Louis Vanderstracten $300,000 00-MU-MU-K005 Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination Eastern Kentucky University Tom Thurman $177,464 99-DT-CX-K001 Police Special Weapons and Tactic Team: A Multimethod Study University of Missouri-St. Louis David Klinger $98,248 00-IJ-CX-0003 SECURES Urban Gunshot Detection System Demonstration at Austin, Texas Planning Systems Incorporated Glynn Lewis $770,000 00-IJ-CX-K004 Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System Criminal Information Sharing Alliance Glen Gillum $9,000,000 97-LB-VX-K009 Investigative and Forensic Sciences Forensics, General Assessing Error in PMI Prediction Using a Forensic Entomological Computer Model University of Florida-Gainesville Rusty Okoniewski $156,170 00-RB-CX-0002 Crime Laboratory Service Quality National Forensic Science Technology Center William J. Tilstone $414,651 00-RC-CX-K001 National Center for Forensic Science University of Central Florida Carrie Whitcomb $1,100,000 98-IJ-CX-K003 New Technology in Solving Crime in the 21st Century University of New Haven-School of Public Safety Albert Harper $26,000 00-LT-BX-0001 Service Quality in Crime Laboratories National Forensic Science Technology Center William J. Tilstone $1,899,822 00-RC-CX-K001 DNA 5-Year Plan Chip-Based Genetic Detector for Rapid Identification of Individuals Nanogen, Inc. Ron Sosnowski $514,848 97-LB-VX-0004 Development of New Analytical Buffer Systems for the Separation and Analysis of PCR-Amplified DNA by Capillary Ohio University Thea Arocho $113,923 99-IJ-CX-K014 Microdevice for Automated, Ultra-High-Speed, and Portable DNA Forensics Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Daniel J. Ehrlich $2,486,876 98-LB-VX-K022 DNA Laboratory Improvement Program Automated STR Analysis for DNA Databases Cybergenetics Co. Mark W. Perlin $183,700 00-IJ-CX-K005 Continuation and Expansion of "Fast Track" Forensic Indexing of Crime Scene Profiles Albuquerque, City of John F. Krebsbach $244,811 98-DN-VX-0009 Enhancing DNA Identification Capabilities for Reduction of Violent Crime West Virginia University Clifton P. Bishop $998,801 00-DN-VX-K001 Expanding DNA Analysis Capabilities: STR Implementation in Texas Bexar, County of Lonnie D. Ginsberg $187,700 98-DN-VX-0024 Expanding DNA Typing in Georgia Georgia Bureau of Investigation George Herrin, Jr. $267,500 98-DN-VX-0022 Florida Statewide Coordinated Forensic DNA Laboratory Program Florida Department of Law Enforcement Dale Heideman $1,000,000 98-DN-VX-0034 Forensic DNA Program for Connecticut: PCR Technologies Connecticut Department of Public Safety Elaine M. Pagliaro $150,000 98-DN-VX-0017 Homogenous Fluorescent PCR Assays for Forensically Informative Sites Over the Entire mtDNA Genome American Registry of Pathology Thomas J. Parsons $219,470 00-IJ-CX-K010 Increasing STR Typing Capabilities in the Oregon State Police Forensic DNA Laboratory Oregon Department of State Police Cecilia H. Von Beroldingen $341,695 97-DN-VX-0013 Microplate Assay for the Quantification of Human DNA Vermont Department of Public Safety Eric Buel $67,129 00-IJ-CX-K012 Ohio Statewide Consortium DNA Grant Ohio Attorney General-Bureau of Criminal Identification Investigation Roger Kahn $372,700 97-DN-VX-0009 Production of DNA Evidence CD-ROM Courseware Advanced Systems Technology Frantzie Couch $199,998 00-LT-BX-K006 South Carolina Crime Laboratory Improvement Program South Carolina Law Enforcement Division Earl Wells $1,200,000 00-RC-CX-0023 Sperm Cell Selection System for Forensic DNA of the Male Component University of Virginia John C. Herr $305,532 00-IJ-CX-K013 Spermatozoa Capture During the Differential Extraction Process for STR Typing of Sexual Assault Evidence University of North Texas Health Science Center Arthur J. Eisenberg $272,870 00-IJ-CX-K009 STR Conversion and Expansion of CODIS Database Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Patricia C. Wojtowicz $140,000 00-RC-CX-0003 CODIS Backlog Reduction State of Oklahoma DNA Offender Database Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation Mary Long $250,000 00-RC-CX-0022 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Sample Backlog (Utah) Utah Department of Public Safety-Criminalistics Laboratory Pilar Shortsleeve $150,000 00-RC-CX-0013 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Alaska) Alaska Department of Public Safety Chris W. Beheim $80,650 00-RC-CX-0012 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Albuquerque) Albuquerque, City of John Krebsbach $477,000 00-RC-CX-0011 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Arizona) Arizona Department of Public Safety Todd Griffith $201,250 00-RC-CX-0014 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Arkansas) Arkansas State Crime Laboratory Kenneth Michau $55,500 00-RC-CX-0021 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (California) California Department of Justice-Bureau of Criminal Identification and Information Jan Bashinski $1,500,000 00-RC-CX-0007 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Florida) Florida Department of Law Enforcement William Coffman $400,000 00-RC-CX-0008 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Illinois) Illinois State Police Susan Johns $481,650 00-RC-CX-0020 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Kansas) Kansas Bureau of Investigation Sidney Schueler $369,900 00-RC-CX-0015 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Massachusetts) Massachusetts State Police Carl M. Selavka $351,000 00-RC-CX-0017 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Michigan) Michigan State Police-Forensic Science Division Richard Lowthian $717,900 00-RC-CX-0019 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Minnesota) Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Terry L. Laber $200,000 00-RC-CX-0001 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (New Jersey) New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety Harry Corey $168,650 00-RC-CX-0010 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (New York) New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services John Hicks $1,447,400 00-RC-CX-0002 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (North Carolina) North Carolina Department of Justice Mark Nelson $700,000 00-RC-CX-0009 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Ohio) Ohio Attorney General Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation Cynthia Shannon $1,330,700 00-RC-CX-0016 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Pennsylvania) Pennsylvania State Police-Bureau of Forensic Services Harry Fox III $653,100 00-RC-CX-0004 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Texas) Texas Department of Public Safety J. Ronald Urbanovsky $1,745,550 00-RC-CX-0006 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Virginia) Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Deanne F. Dabbs $1,800,000 00-RC-CX-0018 STR Analysis of Convicted Offender DNA Samples (Washington) Washington State Patrol Lynn McIntyre $1,343,100 00-RC-CX-0005 Less-Than-Lethal Incapacitation Biomechanical Assessment of Nonlethal Weapons Wayne State University Sheila Bowen $369,983 98-LB-VX-K017 Less-Than-Lethal Ballistic Weapon Law Enforcement Technologies, Inc. Greg MacAleese $108,310 00-LT-BX-K004 Ring Airfoil Projectile System for Less-Than-Lethal Application Guilford Engineering Associates, Inc. David Findlay $294,750 97-IJ-CX-K019 Communication and Information Technologies Automating Local Police Functions New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services James F. Shea $140,969 97-IJ-CX-K009 Collaborative Working Group on Interoperability/Spectrum Public Technology, Inc. Janet Quist $44,252 00-LT-BX-K007 Computer-Assisted System for Reassembly Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Laura Nelson $16,400 00-RB-CX-0001 Distributed COPLINK Database and Concept Space Development Tucson, City of Jennifer Schroeder $350,000 00-RB-CX-K001 Establish and Publish a Suite of Very Narrow Band Voice and Data Standards Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International, Inc. Craig M. Jorgensen $124,600 97-LB-VX-K002 Field Test of Portable Hand-Held Digital Fingerprint and Photo Device (Remote Data Terminal 1) Hennepin County (Minnesota) Sheriff's Office Richard Esensten $1,500,000 00-IJ-CX-K007 Field Test of Portable Hand-Held Fingerprint and Photo Device (Remote Data Terminal 2) Hennepin County (Minnesota) Sheriff's Office Richard Esensten $1,500,000 00-IJ-CX-K011 Incident Command Technology Systems for Public Safety Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc. Jim Scutt $299,331 00-MU-MU-K019 Law Enforcement Data Mining Analytical Tool University of Maryland-College Park Thomas H. Carr $25,000 00-LT-BX-K005 Law Enforcement Data Mining Analytical Tools Developed in Support of the Washington/Baltimore HITDA University of Maryland-College Park Thomas H. Carr $1,424,966 99-LT-VX-K010 Miniaturized, Advanced Voice-Response Translator for Preprogrammed Law Enforcement Phrases Integrated Wave Technologies, Inc. John Hall $24,987 98-LB-VX-K023 Real-Time Computer Surveillance for Crime Detection University of Maryland-College Park Barbara O'Malley $229,641 99-LT-VX-K019 Software Radio Infrastructure for Interoperability Vanu, Inc. Andrew Beard $169,973 00-MU-CX-0016 Software Radio Interoperation Device Vanu, Inc. Andrew Beard $149,998 99-LT-VX-K009 Spatial Knowledge Mining and Information Sharing University of Virginia D.E. Brown $118,000 00-RB-CX-K004 Support for Technology Fair on Border Technology Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc. Jim Scutt $609,808 99-LT-VX-K021 Technology Information Exchange on High-Speed Pursuits for State and Local Law Enforcement International Association of Chiefs of Police John Firman $50,000 99-LT-VX-K004 Washington Area Communications Interoperability Assessment Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory Darcy Brudin $300,000 00-MU-MU-K007 Training and Simulation Technologies JUST TALK: Developing a Prototype Training Program Using Natural Language Processing and Virtual Reality Technology Research Triangle Institute Dave Obringer $248,314 00-RD-CX-K002 Law Enforcement Information Systems and Strategy Demonstration on Project: CRIMES Sam Houston State University Larry T. Hoover $200,000 00-RD-CX-K005 Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination and Training Eastern Kentucky University Tom Thurman $450,000 99-LT-VX-K002 National Assessment of Technology and Training for Law Enforcement Eastern Kentucky University Pam Collins $291,172 99-LT-VX-K022 Rural Law Enforcement Technology Support (RULETS) Eastern Kentucky University Pam Collins $1,208,828 00-MU-MU-K008 Technology Outreach Program Primedia Workplace Learning Chris Elliston $124,980 00-MU-MU-K020 Critical Incident Response/Counterterrorism Technologies Containment Devices for Small Terrorist Bombs JAYCOR Defense Sciences Group Frank Robbins $67,726 97-DT-CX-K001 Counterterrorism Technology Assessment Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory Darcy Brudin $146,163 00-LT-BX-K001 Institute for Security Technology Studies Dartmouth College John F. Kavanagh $14,550,000 00-DT-CX-K001 Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism Lisa Moreno-Hix $14,550,000 00-DT-CX-K002 Portable Through-the-Wall Surveillance System Raytheon Company-Sensors and Electronics Systems Segment Joseph Marroquin $270,118 98-DT-CX-K004 Program Assessment, Policy, and Coordination Law Enforcement Technology, Technology Transfer, Less-Than-Lethal Technology, and Policy Assessment SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter $558,893 96-MU-MU-K016 $276,264 96-LB-VX-K006 Surplus Property Program Ultimate Enterprises Limited Michael Simpson $298,986 96-LB-VX-K002 Technology Assistance, National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers (NLECTC) Governance and Technology Delivery Processes for NLECTC Pymatuning Group, Inc. Ruth M. Davis $378,426 98-LB-VX-0001 NLECTC Supplement Aspen Systems Corporation Richard S. Rosenthal $2,738,308 96-MU-MU-K011 NLECTC-Rocky Mountain Region University of Denver-Colorado Seminary Robert Epper $2,467,166 96-MU-MU-K012 NLECTC-Southeast Center South Carolina Research Authority Gary Mastrandrea $2,010,433 97-MU-MU-K020 NLECTC-West Aerospace Corporation Donald Peterson $1,732,000 00-MU-MU-K004 Operation of the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization Wheeling Jesuit University Carole Coleman $2,800,000 98-IJ-CX-K002 Victimization and Victim Services Homicide, Bereavement, and the Criminal Justice System University of Texas-Austin Sarah Dugan Goodrum $13,450 00-IJ-CX-0011 Victim Needs and Assistance: Development of a National Study Victim Services, Inc. Ellen Brickman $556,345 98-VF-GX-0011 Violence Violence, General Black-White Homicide Differentials: Analysis by Race Ohio State University Research Foundation Ruth D. Peterson $35,000 00-IJ-CX-0015 Tribal Strategies Against Violence Initiative: An Evaluation Orbis Associates Richard Nichols $40,586 97-DD-BX-0031 Violence Against Women and Family Violence Antecedents Among Black Women University of Central Florida Jana L. Jasinski $50,198 00-WT-VX-0002 Arrest Policies for Domestic Violence: An Evaluation Iowa Law Enforcement Academy Roxann M. Ryan $71,076 00-WE-VX-K001 Arrest Policies Program Under VAWA: A National Evaluation Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Thomas McEwen $505,924 98-WE-VX-0012 Community Partnership Models Addressing Violence Against Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Women University of Wisconsin-Madison Rachel Rodriguez $236,136 00-WT-VX-0005 Comparison of Partner Violence in Latino Communities California State University-San Marcos Fernando Soriano $556,841 00-WT-VX-0017 Criminal Justice Intervention in Domestic Violence University of Massachusetts-Lowell Research Foundation Gerald T. Hotaling $50,000 00-WT-VX-0019 Effects of Drug and Alcohol Use on Intimate Partner Violence University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center Lorraine H. Malcoe $184,440 00-WT-VX-0004 Enhanced Advocacy and Interventions: Evaluation of the EVOLVE Program for Male DV Offenders University of Connecticut Eleanor Lyon $347,009 00-WE-VX-0014 Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration of Collaborations to Address Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment Caliber Associates Janet Griffith $599,809 00-MU-MU-0014 History of Intimate Partner Violence University of Washington Victoria L. Holt $280,460 00-WT-VX-0016 Impact Evaluation of STOP Grant Programs for Reducing Violence Against Women University of Arizona Eileen M. Luna $73,792 98-WT-VX-K010 Increasing Victim Safety and System Accountability Texas Women's University Judith McFarlane $212,384 00-WT-VX-0020 Intervention to Improve Documentation of Domestic Violence in Medical Records Northeastern University V. Pualani Enos $220,817 00-WT-VX-0014 Investigating Intimate Partner Violence Using NIBRS Data State University of New York-Albany Colin Loftin $34,996 00-IJ-CX-0013 Longitudinal Study of Battered Women in the System: The Victims' and Decision Makers' Perceptions University of Colorado-Boulder Joanne Belknap $181,987 98-WT-VX-0024 National Evaluation of the Domestic Violence Victims' Civil Legal Assistance Program Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Edward Connors $800,154 00-WL-VX-0002 National Evaluation of Grants to Combat Violent Crimes Against Women Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Cheron DuPree $849,833 00-WA-VX-0001 National Sexual Violence Prevention Conference Texas Association Against Sexual Assault Annette Burrhus-Clay $49,989 00-WT-VX-0006 Nature and Correlates of Domestic Violence Among Female Arrestees in San Diego San Diego Association of Government Susan Pennell $46,048 00-WT-VX-0001 Police-Social Service Intervention to Prevent Domestic Violence: An Evaluation Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Robert C. Davis $34,802 00-WT-VX-0007 Research and Evaluation on Violence Against Women University of Alaska-Anchorage Randy Mangen $233,555 00-WT-VX-0013 Research and Evaluation on Violence Against Women Wayne State University Barbara LeRoy $49,888 00-WT-VX-0018 Research and Evaluation on Violence Against Women: Battering, Work, and Welfare University of Pittsburgh Lisa D. Brush $234,905 00-WT-VX-0009 Richmond/Police Foundation Domestic Violence Partnership Police Foundation Rosann Greenspan $59,886 98-WT-VX-0001 Rural Domestic Violence and Child Victimization: A National Evaluation Cosmos Corporation Mary Ann Dunton $349,996 98-WR-VX-K002 STOP Formula Grant Program: National Evaluation Urban Institute Martha Burt $478,992 95-WT-NX-0005 Synthesis of the Research and Evaluation From the Violence Against Women Act Indiana University-Bloomington David A. Ford $149,284 00-WT-VX-0008 Firearms Ballistics Matching Using 3D Images of Bullets and Cartridge Cases Intelligent Automation, Inc. Benjamin Bachrach $50,000 97-LB-VX-0008 Improving Research and Data on Firearms National Academy of Sciences Carol Petrie $150,000 00-IJ-CX-0034 Youth Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. University of Nebraska-Omaha Finn Esbensen $216,990 94-IJ-CX-0058 Policing by Injunction: Civil Gang Abatement State University of New York-Albany Edward Allen $15,000 00-IJ-CX-0018 Governors' Criminal and Juvenile Justice Policy National Governors' Association Center for Best Practices Evelyn Ganzglass $70,000 00-IJ-CX-0049 Policing Juveniles State University of New York-Albany Stephanie M. Myers $15,000 00-IJ-CX-0039 Role of Social Support on Adolescent Crime Georgia State University Research Foundation Becky L. Tatum $45,343 00-IJ-CX-0032 Youth Curfew in Prince Georges County, Maryland: An Evaluation Urban Institute Caterina Gouvis $49,916 99-IJ-CX-0008 ------------------ Appendix C: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 2000 Most NIJ materials are free and can be obtained in several ways: o Download documents from the World Wide Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. o Call or write to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) at 800-851-3420 (outside the United States, call 301-519-5500), P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000, or download documents from the NCJRS Web site at http://www.ncjrs.org. o Order Research Previews via fax-on-demand by calling 800-851-3420. o For many science and technology publications, call the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) at 800-248-2742, or download documents from the NLECTC Web site at http://www.nlectc.org. NIJ publishes several types of publications, including: o Research in Action: Overviews of specific topics and programs in research and practice. o Research in Brief: Summaries of recent NIJ research, development, and evaluation findings. o Research Reports: Comprehensive reports on NIJ-sponsored research and development projects. o Research in Progress Videotapes: Sixty-minute lectures with a question-and-answer segment presented by well-known scholars and accompanied by a Research Preview summarizing the salient points of the discussion. o NIJ Journal: Published quarterly, featuring policy-relevant articles based on NIJ research results and initiatives. o Research Reviews: Presents short summaries of final reports from NIJ research grants and listings of completed research projects. o Issues and Practices: Reports presenting program options and issues for criminal justice managers and administrators. o Program Focus: Highlights of specific innovative State and local criminal justice programs. o Research Forum: Reports based on NIJ-sponsored conferences and lecture series. (Publications may be cross-referenced in more than one category.) ADAM Annual Reports 1999 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, July 2000, NCJ 181426. Drugs in the Heartland: Methamphetamine Use in Rural Nebraska, Herz, D.C., Research in Brief, April 2000, 14 pages, NCJ 180986. Corrections But They All Come Back: Rethinking Prisoner Reentry, Travis, J., Research in Brief, May 2000, 10 pages, NCJ 181413. Correcting Corrections: Missouri's Parallel Universe, Schriro, D., Research in Brief, May 2000, 7 pages, NCJ 185983. Prisons Research at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Tonry, M., and J. Petersilia, September 2000, 13 pages, NCJ 184478 (online publication). The Rebirth of Rehabilitation: Promise and Perils of Drug Courts, Gebelein, R.S., Research in Brief, May 2000, 8 pages, NCJ 181412. "Technocorrections": The Promises, the Uncertain Threats, Fabelo, T., Research in Brief, May 2000, 8 pages, NCJ 181411. When Prisoners Return to the Community: Political, Economic, and Social Consequences, Petersilia, J., Research in Brief, November 2000, 7 pages, NCJ 184253. Courts and Sentencing But They All Come Back: Rethinking Prisoner Reentry, Travis, J., Research in Brief, May 2000, 26 pages, NCJ 181413. Correcting Corrections: Missouri's Parallel Universe, Schriro, D., Research in Brief, May 2000, 19 pages, NCJ 181414. Efficiency, Timeliness, and Quality: A New Perspective From Nine State Criminal Trial Courts, Ostrom, B.J., and R.A. Hanson, Research in Brief, June 2000, 20 pages, NCJ 181942. Evaluation of the D.C. Superior Court Drug Intervention Programs, Harrell, A., S. Cavanaugh, and J. Roman, Research in Brief, April 2000, 18 pages, NCJ 178941. The Rebirth of Rehabilitation: Promise and Perils of Drug Courts, Gebelein, R.S., Research in Brief, May 2000, 20 pages, NCJ 181412. Research on Women and Girls in the Justice System, Richie, B.E., K. Tsenin, and C.S. Widom, Research Forum, September 2000, 37 pages, NCJ 180973. Crime Prevention Elder Justice: Medical Forensic Issues Concerning Abuse and Neglect (Draft Report), December 2000 (online publication). Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investigations: A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials, Fein, R.A., and B. Vossekuil, Research Report, January 2000, 49 pages, NCJ 179981. Public Involvement: Community Policing in Chicago, Skogan, W.G., S.M. Hartnett, J. DuBois, J.T. Comey, K. Twedt-Ball, and J.E. Gudell, Research Report, September 2000, 25 pages, NCJ 179557. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI): Enhancing the Analytic Capacity of a Local Problem-Solving Effort, Groff, E., December 2000 (online publication). Drugs and Crime 1999 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, Research Report, July 2000, 103 pages, NCJ 181426. Color Test Reagents/Kits for Preliminary Identification of Drugs of Abuse (NIJ Standard-0604.01), July 2000, 24 pages, NCJ 183258. Drugs in the Heartland: Methamphetamine Use in Rural Nebraska, Herz, D.C., Research in Brief, April 2000, 14 pages, NCJ 180986. Methamphetamine Interagency Task Force: Final Report, Methamphetamine Interagency Task Force, January 2000, 35 pages. Law Enforcement Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor (NIJ Standard-0101.04), September 2000, 65 pages, NCJ 183651. The COPS Program After 4 Year--National Evaluation, Roth, J.A., and J.F. Ryan, Research in Brief, August 2000, 24 pages, NCJ 183644. Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement, Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation, Research Report, January 2000, 60 pages, NCJ 178280. Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing: The 1999 Herman Goldstein Award Winners, National Institute of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, and Police Executive Research Forum, August 2000, 77 pages, NCJ 182731. Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing: The 2000 Herman Goldstein Award Winners (Draft), National Institute of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, and Police Executive Research Forum, December 2000, 33 pages. Fire and Arson Scene Evidence: A Guide for Public Safety Personnel, Research Report, June 2000, 78 pages, NCJ 181584. A Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation, Research Report, June 2000, 43 pages, NCJ 181869. Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, June 2000, 522 pages, NCJ 184449 and 184450. Guide to Test Methods, Performance Requirements, and Installation Practices for Electronic Sirens Used on Law Enforcement Vehicles (NIJ Guide 601-00), August 2000, 31 pages, NCJ 181622. Mapping Crime: Principle and Practice, Harries, K., Research Report, December 1999, 204 pages, NCJ 178919. The Measurement of Police Integrity, Klockars, C.B., S.K. Ivkovich, W.E. Harver, and M.R. Haberfeld, Research in Brief, June 2000, 17 pages, NCJ 181465. National Evaluation of the COPS Program: Ten Case Studies, August 2000 (online publication). National Evaluation of the COPS Program, Title I of the 1994 Crime Act, Roth, J.A., J.F. Ryan, S.J. Gaffigan, C.S. Koper, M.H. Moore, J.A. Roehl, C.C. Johnson, G.E. Moore, R.M. White, M.E. Buerger, E.A. Langston, and D. Thacher, Research Report, August 2000, 292 pages, NCJ 183643. National Evaluation of the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative, Dunworth, T., Research in Brief, November 2000, 22 pages, NCJ 184482. Police Attitudes Toward Abuse of Authority: Findings From a National Study, Weisburd, D., and R. Greenspan with E.E. Hamilton, H. Williams, and K.A. Bryant, Research in Brief, June 2000, 21 pages, NCJ 181312. Problem Solving in Practice: Implementing Community Policing in Chicago, Skogan, W.G., S.M. Hartnett, J. DuBois, J.T. Comey, M. Kaiser, and J.H. Lovig, Research Report, April 2000, 40 pages, NCJ 179556. Public Involvement: Community Policing in Chicago, Skogan, W.G., S.M. Hartnett, J. DuBois, J.T. Comey, K. Twedt-Ball, and J.E. Gudell, Research Report, September 2000, 25 pages, NCJ 179557. Random Gunfire Problems and Gunshot Detection Systems, Mazerolle, L.G., C. Watkins, D. Rogan, and J. Frank, Research in Brief, December 1999, 8 pages, NCJ 179274. Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor (NIJ Standard-0115.00), September 2000, 45 pages, NCJ 183652. State and Local Law Enforcement Needs to Combat Electronic Crime, Stambaugh, H., D. Beaupre, D.J. Icove, R. Baker, W. Cassaday, and W.P. Williams, Research in Brief, August 2000, 12 pages, NCJ 183451. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI): Enhancing the Analytic Capacity of a Local Problem-Solving Effort, Groff, E., December 2000. Technology Color Test Reagents/Kits for Preliminary Identification of Drugs of Abuse (NIJ Standard-0604.01), July 2000, 24 pages, NCJ 183258. The Future of Forensic DNA Testing: Predictions of the Research and Development Working Group, Issues and Practices, November 2000, 93 pages, NCJ 183697. Guide for the Selection of Drug Detectors for Law Enforcement Applications (NIJ Guide 601-00), August 2000, 64 pages, NCJ 183260. Guide to Test Methods, Performance Requirements, and Installation Practices for Electronic Sirens Used on Law Enforcement Vehicles (NIJ Guide 601-00), August 2000, 31 pages, NCJ 181622. Hand-Held Metal Detectors for Use in Concealed Weapon and Contraband Detection (NIJ Standard-0602.01), September 2000, 67 pages, NCJ 183470. National Conference on Science and the Law Proceedings, National Institute of Justice, Research Forum, July 2000, 257 pages, NCJ 179630. NIJ Fifth Annual National Conference on the Future of DNA: Implications for the Criminal Justice System, Meeting Transcript, May 8-9, 2000 (online publication). NIST Random Profile Roughness Specimens and Standard Bullets (NIJ Report 601-00), July 2000, 23 pages, NCJ 183256. TechBeat, Winter 2000, Spring 2000, Summer 2000, Fall 2000. Video Surveillance Equipment Selection and Application Guide (NIJ Guide 201-99), Atkinson, D.J., V.J. Pietrasiewicz, and K.E. Junker, February 2000, 71 pages, NCJ 179545. Walk-Through Metal Detectors for Use in Concealed Weapon and Contraband Detection (NIJ Standard-0601.01), September 2000, 67 pages, NCJ 183471. Victims Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence, Tjaden, P., and N. Thoennes, Research Report, July 2000, 62 pages, NCJ 181867. Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women, Tjaden, P., and N. Thoennes, Research Report, November 2000, 74 pages, NCJ 183781. Research on Women and Girls in the Justice System, Richie, B.E., K. Tsenin, and C.S. Widom, Research Forum, September 2000, 42 pages, NCJ 180973. Sex Offender Community Notification: Assessing the Impact in Wisconsin, Zevitz, R.G., and M.A. Farkas, Research in Brief, December 2000, 11 pages, NCJ 179992. The Sexual Victimization of College Women, Fisher, B.S., F.T. Cullen, and M.G. Turner, Research Report, December 2000, 47 pages, NCJ 182369. Other Building Knowledge About Crime and Justice: The 2000 Research Prospectus of the National Institute of Justice, November 1999, 14 pages, NCJ 178903. Criminal Justice 2000, Volume 1, The Nature of Crime: Continuity and Change, Research Report, July 2000, 536 pages, NCJ 182408. Criminal Justice 2000, Volume 2, Boundary Changes in Criminal Justice Organizations, Research Report, July 2000, 381 pages, NCJ 182409. Criminal Justice 2000, Volume 3, Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System, Research Report, July 2000, 566 pages, NCJ 182410. Criminal Justice 2000, Volume 4, Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, Research Report, July 2000, 608 pages, NCJ 182411. NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1999, Research in Brief, April 2000, 41 pages, NCJ 179016. NIJ Research Portfolio 2000, June 2000, 76 pages, NCJ 179017. Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1998-1999 Lecture Series, Kleiman, M.A.R., F. Earls, S. Bok, and J.B. Jacobs, Research Forum, November 1999, 73 pages, NCJ 178244. NIJ Journal January 2000, Cover Story: "Childhood Victimization: Early Adversity, Later Psychopathology," by Cathy Spatz Widom, 52 pages, JR 000242. April 2000, Cover Story: "Clearing Up Homicide Clearance Rates," by Charles Wellford and James Cronin, 52 pages, JR 000243. July 2000, Cover Story: "Meeting the Challenge of Transnational Crime," by James O. Finckenauer, 32 pages, JR 000244. October 2000, Cover Story: "Getting to Know Neighborhoods," by G. Thomas Kingsley and Kathryn L.S. Pettit, 40 pages, JR 000245. Solicitations for Research and Evaluation Call for Concept Papers to Reduce Recidivism Through Court Involvement, September 1999, 15 pages, SL 000389. Communications Interoperability and Information Sharing Technologies (AGILE R&D), May 2000, 10 pages, SL-000423. COMPASS Pilot Site Call for Proposals, April 2000, online only. Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support: Corrections Field Test Design Solicitation, March 2000, 9 pages, SL 000414. Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support: Law Enforcement Field-Test Design Solicitation, March 2000, 9 pages, SL 000415. Data Resources Program Funding for the Analysis of Existing Data, February 1999, 6 pages, SL 000320. Drug Court Research and Evaluation: National Evaluation of Juvenile Drug Courts and Research on Adult and Juvenile Drug Courts, March 2000, 12 pages, SL 000399. Evaluation of the Comprehensive Indian Resources for Community and Law Enforcement (CIRCLE) Project, April 2000, 7 pages, SL 000417. Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration of Collaborations to Address Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment, March 2000, 20 pages, SL 000405. Forensic Friction Ridge (Fingerprint) Examination Validation Studies, March 2000, 7 pages, SL 000386. FY 2000 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support: Solicitation for Research, Evaluation, Development, and Demonstration Projects, April 2000, 24 pages, SL 000409. A National Assessment of School Resource Officer Programs, December 1999, 10 pages, SL 000394. National Evaluation of the Domestic Violence Victims' Civil Legal Assistance Program, April 2000, 8 pages, SL 000424. National Evaluation of Grants to Combat Violent Crimes Against Women on Campuses, May 2000, 11 pages, SL000422. NIJ Science and Technology Solicitation, September 2000, 10 pages, SL 000440. Office of Research and Evaluation 2000 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research, September 1999, 16 pages, SL 000385. Request for Applications for Reentry Partnerships Process Evaluation, April 2000, online only. Research on Community Prosecution, May 2000, 7 pages, SL 000426. Research and Evaluation on Violence Against Women FY 2000, February 2000, 9 pages, SL 000398. School Safety Research and Evaluation, June 2000, 8 pages, SL 000428. Solicitation for CODIS STR Analysis of States' Collected Convicted Offender DNA Samples, March 2000, SL 000413. Solicitation for Forensic DNA Research & Development, FY 2000, April 2000, 8 pages, SL 000425. Solicitation for a Research Partner for the Seattle COMPASS Initiative, December 1999, online only. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative Solicitation for a Research Partner for the District of New Mexico, September 2000, 11 pages. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative: Solicitation for a Research Partner for the Eastern District of Michigan, August 2000, online only. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative: Solicitation for a Research Partner for the Western District of New York, August 2000, online only. The W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program, November 1999, 6 pages, SL 000391. NIJ Annual Report 1998 Annual Report to Congress, December 1999, 81 pages, NCJ 177617. 1999 Annual Report to Congress, July 2000, 42 pages, NCJ 182949. Catalogs of Publications NCJRS Catalog #49, November/December 1999, 24 pages, BC 000273. NCJRS Catalog #50, January/February 2000, 24 pages, BC 000274. NCJRS Catalog #51, March/April 2000, 24 pages, BC 000275. NCJRS Catalog #52, May/June 2000, 24 pages, BC 000276. NCJRS Catalog #53, July/August 2000, 24 pages, BC 000277. NCJRS Catalog #54, September/October 2000, 20 pages, BC 000278. Seventh Edition 1987-1998, The NIJ Publications Catalog, December 1999, 100 pages, NCJ 179082. ------------------ For more information on the National Institute of Justice and to obtain an electronic version of this report, please visit the NIJ World Wide Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij or contact: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000 Phone: 800-851-3420 Phone: 301-519-5500 E-mail: asknclrs@ncjrs.org