Title: National Institute of Justice 2001 Annual Report Series: Annual Report Author: National Institute of Justice Published: August 2003 Subject: Criminal justice system 67 pages 104,000 bytes ------------------------------ Figures, charts, forms, and tables are not included in this ASCII plain-text file. To view this document in its entirety, download the Adobe Acrobat graphic file available from this Web site or order a print copy from NCJRS at 800-851- 3420 (877-712-9279 for TTY users). ------------------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice 2001 Annual Report ------------------------------ To the President, the Attorney General, and the Congress: I have the honor to transmit the National Institute of Justice's annual report on research, development, and evaluation for fiscal year 2001, pursuant to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (as amended) and the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act. Respectfully submitted, Sarah V. Hart Director, National Institute of Justice Washington, D.C. ------------------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20531 John Ashcroft Attorney General Deborah J. Daniels Assistant Attorney General Sarah V. Hart Director, National Institute of Justice This and other publications and products of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, and NIJ can be found on the World Wide Web at the following sites: Office of Justice Programs http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov National Institute of Justice http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij ------------------------------ Table of Contents Introduction Highlights of the Year o Research in Action for Communities o Using DNA and Forensic Sciences to Obtain Justice o Improving Law Enforcement o Breaking the Drug-Crime Nexus o Giving Technology Assistance in the Information Age o Making Life Safer for Women and Children Appendixes o Appendix A: Organization o Appendix B: Financial Data o Appendix C: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 2001 o Appendix D: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 2001 o Appendix E: Key Conferences ------------------------------ Introduction In the hours and days after the worst terrorist attacks in U.S. history, workers scrambled through the mountain of rubble from the collapsed towers of the World Trade Center. The determined mission of rescue and the grim task of recovery of victims were well under way, and search teams needed the right tools to perform their tasks safely and effectively. The New York State Emergency Management Office called the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) for onsite assistance. Within 24 hours, a team from NIJ was there to help. Because of NIJ's investments in counterterrorism research and technology development that have applications to counterterrorism situations [see "Critical Incident and Counterterrorism Technologies"], NIJ was able to establish a temporary office adjacent to the World Trade Center complex to help coordinate technology assistance activities with search and rescue officials. The team called in resources from NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system to provide immediate assistance to search and rescue efforts. Teams from NLECTC arrived from across the country bringing equipment and technical support. They brought specialized cameras (canine cameras, pole cameras, and drop cameras), audio equipment, and other search tools and improvised modifications to them onsite. Through a surplus military supply program, NLECTC Southeast procured $850,000 worth of clothing, boots, ropes, gas masks, helmets, laptop computers, and other equipment for use onsite. NLECTC staff provided engineering, forensic, communications, investigation, and acquisitions support both onsite and offsite. In the weeks that followed, NIJ rushed to its Web site a draft series of five equipment guides for emergency first responders that had been under development. The guides help agencies make informed decisions on the evaluation and purchase of equipment first responders use during a critical incident. The Web versions of the draft guides have each averaged more than 1,000 hits per month since being posted. For more information o See "National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center" for a description of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center system. o A complete account of NIJ support of search and recovery efforts at ground zero can be found in the Winter 2002 issue of Techbeat, online at http://www.justnet.org/pdffiles/tbwinter2002.pdf. o Copies of the guides for first responders can be found at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/scidocs2001.htm. That NIJ was able to respond effectively in the aftermath of the 9-11 attacks is validation of a long-standing commitment to shape its research agenda in response to the needs of the criminal justice field. NIJ shapes its research agenda and resulting portfolio through ongoing communication with professionals in the field. The communication occurs through various means, but the goal is always the same: identify gaps in research knowledge and learn about the needs of criminal justice practitioners. Collaboration across disciplines helps NIJ shape research strategies that move beyond a strict criminal justice perspective. Partnerships with health, housing, and education researchers and professionals, for example, can result in innovative solutions to criminal justice problems. And NIJ remains flexible enough to shift its research priorities in response to national events, as illustrated in the dramatic aftermath of 9-11. All of these activities are an important part of NIJ's ongoing efforts to keep its research and communication vehicles relevant to the criminal justice field. ------------------ Mission of the National Institute of Justice The National Institute of Justice was created by Congress through the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. When it was created 33 years ago, NIJ scientists began a journey to inform policy and practice through research and development about crime and justice. The Institute's mission remains the same today as in 1968--to marry science to criminal justice problem solving and policy development. Specifically, the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 directs NIJ to: o Conduct research on the nature and impact of crime and juvenile offending. o Develop new technologies to reduce crime and improve criminal justice operations. o Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify promising new programs. o Test innovative concepts and model programs in the field. o Assist policymakers, program partners, and justice agencies. o Disseminate knowledge to many audiences. ------------------ Critical Incident and Counterterrorism Technologies Critical incident and counterterrorism projects at NIJ include: o Weapons of mass destruction response. NIJ is developing technologies to respond to attacks using weapons of mass destruction, including a wearable device that will warn a responder of exposure to chemical and biological hazards. o Equipment standards. NIJ is leading the national effort to establish a comprehensive set of first responder equipment standards. o Bomb disposal. NIJ is evaluating handheld computers for delivering information to bomb technicians, improved x-ray diagnostic systems, bomb robots, and a chemical and biological protective ensemble and is developing a method to neutralize large explosive devices. o Border security. NIJ is supporting an initiative to meet the technology needs of international Integrated Border Enforcement Teams on the Canadian border. o Critical incident management. NIJ began a first-of-its-kind test bed to assess critical incident management technologies that help multiple jurisdictions coordinate their responses. Evaluation of 12 technologies will be completed in 2002. o Weapons detection. Within NIJ's weapons detection portfolio, two technologies in particular show great promise: a walk-through system using magnetometers and a portable device that develops images from body heat in the millimeter wave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. At the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) request, NIJ provided a magnetometer system for that agency to evaluate. o Biometrics. Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics such as fingerprints, voice patterns, or facial recognition. NIJ is using its considerable investment in biometric development, evaluation, and implementation for public safety agencies in working with the FAA to improve aviation security. o Surveillance. NIJ is developing video surveillance technologies that will alert system operators automatically when a suspect or suspicious activity is detected. These systems can be integrated with weapons detection portals. ------------------------------ Highlights of the Year Research in Action for Communities Part of NIJ's mission is to test research-based interventions that communities can use to pinpoint the specific nature of their crime problems and develop solutions to those problems. The highly successful Boston Gun Project, which reduced youth gun violence in Boston, sparked the creation of similar programs in other communities, such as the Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative and the Attorney General's Project Safe Neighborhoods program. These programs are demonstrating that when researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are mobilized in a cooperative effort to solve a targeted problem, solutions begin to appear and problems begin to dissipate. NIJ's field tests and evaluations find that successful interventions involve comprehensive community-based coalitions, strategic planning, and analysis of research data. Successful community initiatives generally follow five stages of activity: 1. Bringing local leaders and researchers into a committed coalition dedicated to reducing a particular problem. 2. Using a variety of data to identify the specific characteristics of the targeted problem. 3. Designing a strategic intervention based on the data collected. 4. Putting the intervention into place. 5. Assessing the effectiveness of the intervention using data analysis and then adjusting the intervention to improve its effectiveness. NIJ works with a number of Federal agencies in its efforts to find ways to keep communities safe. In 2001, for example, NIJ and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) began demonstrating and evaluating the utility of ATF's Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative, which combines gun tracing data with other law enforcement and local data to identify illegal gun markets in Los Angeles. Also in 2001, ATF, NIJ, and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention cooperated in the release of findings from the evaluation of a gang prevention program called Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.). The program showed small but systemic beneficial effects over time. Four years after completing the program, G.R.E.A.T. students reported more negative views about gangs and more favorable attitudes toward the police. Understanding How Communities Work Research has shown that ingredients in a winning recipe for community-based problem solving include active partnerships, knowledge-driven decision making, and ongoing strategic assessment. But what are the factors in the neighborhood itself that contribute to successful problem solving? NIJ's ongoing Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, which is conducted in conjunction with the Harvard School of Public Health, is contributing to our understanding of the complex relationship between community, crime, delinquency, family, and individual development. The project has confirmed that not only do residents' shared mutual trust and expectations make a difference in the level of crime in their neighborhood, but that the nature of bordering neighborhoods also makes a difference. The findings about the nature of neighborhood residents' trust in one another suggest that efforts to reduce disorder by law enforcement alone--without cooperation from other community entities--may ultimately be short-lived. Any community-based initiative must factor in the extent to which residents have shared social goals and expectations about acceptable levels of disorder. For more information o David M. Kennedy, Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring, Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 2001 (NCJ 188741), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188741.htm. Watch for additional forthcoming titles in the NIJ series Reducing Gun Violence, including Reducing Gun Violence: The St. Louis Consent-to-Search Program; Reducing Gun Violence: Evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Department's Directed Patrol Project; and Reducing Gun Violence: Operation Ceasefire in Los Angeles. o Robert J. Sampson and Stephen W. Raudenbush, Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods--Does It Lead to Crime? Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, February 2001 (NCJ 186049), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/186049.htm. Tracking Crime in Communities One of the best tools for uncovering the precise nature of a crime problem is to map it. Crime mapping software and analysis allow neighborhoods to map crime incidents and then overlay other maps that show the location of schools, recreation facilities, bus lines, and other social features to gain a fresh, geographic perspective on how crime and other factors are related. NIJ supports the crime mapping needs of the criminal justice community through two targeted activities: the Crime Mapping and Analysis Program (CMAP), operated by NLECTC, and the Crime Mapping Research Center (CMRC). CMAP's mission is to provide technology assistance to State and local agencies in the areas of crime and intelligence analysis and geographic information systems. CMAP has offered more than 35 classes since its inception in 1999, and more than 300 law enforcement personnel have participated. In 2001, CMAP established introductory mapping courses around the Nation, worked with jurisdictions to develop regional crime mapping capabilities, and brought mapping strategies to the corrections community. NIJ's CMRC continues to focus on research that helps State and local agencies enhance their problem-solving skills. One of NIJ's most active efforts in 2001 was development of a software solution titled the Community Safety Information System, which is helping Memphis, New Haven, and Winston- Salem to map and analyze data that can lead to problemsolving approaches that reduce gun crime. Also in 2001, staff from NIJ's CMRC worked with the Police Executive Research Forum to develop and publish a primer for mapping criminal activity across jurisdictional boundaries. Mapping Across Boundaries: Regional Crime Analysis discusses the real crime-fighting benefits of collaborating across jurisdictions to map crime. The book offers case studies describing how jurisdictions overcame obstacles to sharing databases across their regions. Making crime mapping information available to the public carries concerns about privacy. Recognizing potential privacy concerns that could arise when data are shared and made public, NIJ released a report in 2001 that can guide law enforcement personnel, researchers, and others who are creating and sharing crime maps. It contains real-life examples and techniques that, while promoting crime mapping as an effective tool, ensure that concerns about privacy and data confidentiality are met. For more information o Julie Wartell and J. Thomas McEwen, Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188739), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188739.htm. o Nancy G. La Vigne and Julie Wartell, Mapping Across Boundaries: Regional Crime Analysis, Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 2001. Using DNA and Forensic Sciences to Obtain Justice A large part of NIJ's work revolves around the research, development, and recommendations made by the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence. Its recommendations covered issues ranging from how to collect samples at a crime scene to how to test postconviction samples. From 1997 until its close in 2001, the Commission explored how best to fairly and effectively use DNA in the criminal justice context. The Commission made a series of recommendations and produced several widely used documents that have influenced both policy and practice. Reducing the DNA Backlog DNA technology is advancing rapidly and has become a critical tool for solving crimes. But laboratories cannot keep pace with the collection of DNA samples and the technological advances. Many States have significant backlogs of unanalyzed DNA samples taken from convicted offenders and from crime scenes, including cases where there is no suspect. In 2001, NIJ awarded approximately $6 million to help 24 States do two things: reduce the number of unanalyzed DNA samples in State databases and reduce the number of cases for which agencies have DNA but no suspect. NIJ's DNA Backlog Reduction Program requires that States analyze a minimum number of cases in which there is no suspect in order to generate matches with the criminal offender database. Examples of the DNA Backlog Reduction Program's successes: o When Virginia analyzed evidence in 366 no-suspect cases, they found that 241 cases produced usable DNA profiles and that 105 of the 241 cases matched to known offenders in either the State or national DNA databases. o When Kansas screened 152 no-suspect cases, officials there found that 82 cases had evidence that tested positive for biological fluid and that 54 of the 82 cases yielded a suspect profile that was put into the Criminal Offender Database (CODIS). Those 54 cases produced 15 matches to known offenders. Since the beginning of the DNA Backlog Reduction Program in fiscal year 2000, more than 347,000 convicted offender samples have been analyzed with Federal funds. The requirement that States analyze no-suspect cases led to analysis of 7,900 of these cases. These efforts generated 824 "hits" or matches- -631 matches to known offenders and 193 matches to forensic evidence. Hundreds of convictions and two exonerations have resulted. But the number of DNA samples needing analysis continues to increase--especially as many States move to collect samples from all convicted felons. For example, when Florida legislators added one more nonviolent offense to the list of offenses for which offenders must give DNA samples, the number of samples taken each year increased by about 40,000. In August 2001, Attorney General John Ashcroft asked NIJ to pinpoint the issues that continue to impede the full use of DNA, including the reasons for the persistent DNA backlogs. The Attorney General also charged NIJ with finding solutions to those issues. To meet the Attorney General's request, NIJ assembled a working group of forensic DNA experts representing all areas of criminal justice to consider: o The nature and extent of DNA backlogs. o Causes of delays in analyzing DNA. o Issues surrounding training and certification of laboratory personnel. o The projected demand for DNA testing. o The ability to use DNA technology for mass disasters. o Timetables for implementing new technology. The working group will analyze these issues thoroughly and broadly for the NIJ Director and recommend ways to address them. Helping Overburdened Laboratories In addition to helping laboratories reduce their backlogs, NIJ is helping crime laboratories preserve public confidence and ensure that forensic evidence is analyzed reliably. Through the Crime Laboratory Improvement Program, NIJ is helping in four crucial areas: analytical services, methods development and evaluation, technology transfer, and training. The Program funds State and local governments to enhance their capability to analyze forensic evidence. As part of the Crime Laboratory Improvement Program, NIJ created the Forensic Resource Network to give laboratories reliable, permanent access to forensic science technologies, quality assurance systems, and analytical methods. The Network allows State and local crime laboratories to maintain, or obtain, the reliability and sustainability demanded by the field and the public. The Forensic Resource Network includes the Marshall University Forensic Science Center in Huntington, West Virginia; the National Center for Forensic Science in Orlando, Florida; the National Forensic Science Technology Center in Largo, Florida; and West Virginia University in Morgantown. These institutions provide State and local laboratories with technology-based training and tools, aid in systems support, and quality assurance products. They also test methods and equipment and evaluate, validate, and distribute information about best practices. For more information o Visit the Investigative and Forensic Sciences Division Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/sciencetech/invest.htm. Improving Law Enforcement Over the years, research on police interaction with citizens has taken on increased importance, especially as community policing has become a mainstream approach to law enforcement. Findings from several projects in 2001 increased our understanding of police-citizen interaction. Community Interaction With Police In many communities, residents participate in overseeing local law enforcement agencies. In some, citizen oversight boards investigate allegations of misconduct and recommend actions to the chief or sheriff. Other citizen boards make no recommendations of their own; rather, they review the findings of internal police investigations and endorse or reject the police department's findings. The various oversight systems have advantages and disadvantages, including monetary costs and benefits. Research suggests that communities must fashion a system that is part of a larger structure of internal and external police accountability and that fits the unique needs of each local situation. The talent, fairness, dedication and flexibility of key participants are more important to success than is the system's structure. For more information o Peter Finn, Citizen Review of Police: Approaches and Implementation, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, March 2001 (NCJ 184430), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs- sum/184430.htm. Identifying Problem Officers A small minority of police officers generates a significant proportion of the citizen complaints that oversight boards review. An "early warning system," used by a growing number of departments, can help identify problem officers early and intervene through counseling or training to correct problem behavior. Early warning systems are data-based management tools, most with three basic phases--selection, intervention, and postintervention monitoring. The criteria by which officers are "selected" vary, but may include some threshold combination of citizen complaints, civil litigation, firearms-discharge or use-of-force reports, high-speed pursuits, and resisting-arrest incidents. Once officers are selected, interventions designed to change behavior include a combination of counseling, deterrence, education, and training. Postintervention monitoring generally is conducted by the officers' supervisor, but some departments have a more formal process of observation, evaluation, and reporting. How effective are early warning systems? An NIJ-sponsored investigation of three agencies that use early warning systems found that the systems can reduce citizen complaints and problematic police behavior. Officers in the three departments were involved in fewer citizen complaints and use-of-force incidents after the early warning intervention than before. But the researchers note that the effectiveness of early warning systems depends upon related policies and procedures that enforce standards of discipline and create a climate of accountability. Early warning systems can be an effective management tool, but should be seen as only one of many tools needed to raise standards of performance and improve the quality of police services. For more information o Samuel Walker, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney, Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188565), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188565.htm. Keeping Officers and Suspects Safe Apprehension and arrest are interactions that can be quite dangerous for both officers and suspects. NIJ has an extensive portfolio of projects seeking better less-than-lethal tools and techniques to keep both officers and citizens safe during apprehension and arrest. Oleoresin capsicum (OC), or pepper spray, is one. NIJ has funded several projects to increase understanding of the health effects from exposure to OC spray. One study involved 34 healthy volunteer police cadets. Another looked at suspects who had died in custody and who had been sprayed during their arrest. Both studies suggest that exposure and inhalation do not result in a significant risk for respiratory compromise or asphyxiation. Although these two studies suggest that pepper spray is safe to use, it is important to note that the studies did not examine the effects of prolonged or long-term exposure to pepper spray. A third study examined the number of citizen complaints lodged before and after a police department began using OC spray. The research found that citizen complaints of brutality went down after OC spray was introduced. Complaints about excessive force and the number of injured officers also declined. The data sources have some limitations, however. The procedures for identifying officer and suspect injuries differed considerably from agency to agency and within each agency over time. Determination of the number of injuries depended upon the officer's recall of the incident and the degree of detail in his narrative report. Despite the various limitations of the studies conducted to date, together they are contributing to our knowledge base and clarifying some of the debate about the merits of OC spray as a practical less-than-lethal tool for law enforcement and corrections personnel. NIJ continues to fund research on the health effects of pepper spray used as a less-than-lethal weapon. For more information o Theodore C. Chan, Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden, and Tom Neuman, Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2001 (NCJ 188069), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188069.htm. o The Effectiveness and Safety of Pepper Spray, Research in Practice, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, forthcoming 2002. Reducing Law Enforcement and Corrections Officer Stress Stress is an occupational hazard for law enforcement and corrections officers of all ranks. The effects of stress--low morale, high turnover, absenteeism, and early death--exact a high cost from officers, their families, and their agencies. Since 1996, NIJ has funded efforts to study the nature, extent, and impact of stress on corrections and law enforcement personnel and their families. In 2001, NIJ launched a six-site field test of a model stress prevention program for law enforcement and corrections personnel and their families. The three corrections and three law enforcement agencies are implementing a model that offers wellness programming, inservice training, supervisor training, and family services. The model was developed in response to NIJ's previous research, which found that most agency-based programs offer stress-related services only after a critical incident or problem has been identified. The model focuses on preventing stress and developing resiliency in responding to stress. Through the field test, NIJ will collect outcome data to enhance knowledge and ensure that future practice in this area is based on sound research. Policing on American Indian Reservations All communities have special needs that law enforcement officers must be sensitive to, but Indian Country offers numerous additional challenges: generally poor economic conditions, unique cultural underpinnings, and vast geographic areas. A study sponsored by NIJ took a broad look at policing in Indian Country and found that the principles of community policing, which grew out of policing experiences in urban settings, can be effectively applied in Indian Country. In effective community policing, a department must heed the social and cultural norms of the community it serves to gain the trust, respect, and cooperation of the community. The study found that too often this attention to social and cultural norms is lacking among police departments in Indian Country. Many departments operate with little strategic direction from tribal elders and lack methods for communicating directly with their service population. The researchers argue that these problems stem in part from long years of Federal involvement that has resulted in a top-down approach that discourages Indian nations from designing and controlling their own policing institutions. The research also supported a conclusion reached by others: There is a crisis in policing on Indian reservations characterized by inadequate resources, low morale, poor management, and undue political influence. At the same time, the overall workload of tribal police departments is increasing. The researchers suggest that tribes and the Federal Government must reconsider the foundations of policing in Indian Country. The challenge, they say, is to create workable, nation-specific policing institutions and approaches informed by traditional customs. Concepts learned from community policing can inform those who face this challenge. For more information o Stewart Wakeling, Miriam Jorgensen, Susan Michaelson, and Manley Begay, Policing on American Indian Reservations, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 2001 (NCJ 188095), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188095.htm. Breaking the Drug-Crime Nexus Some 14 million Americans, or 6.3 percent of all adults, used illicit drugs recently.[1] By contrast, as many as 65 percent of adults who come into the criminal justice system use drugs. Marijuana is the drug of choice in most communities. Through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, NIJ tracks drug abuse by arrestees and promotes research on substance abuse. In this way, and by evaluating and refining drug detection methods, NIJ is attempting to break the drug-crime nexus. Drug Use by Arrestees: The ADAM Program For the past 15 years, NIJ has been conducting interviews and urinalysis among adults and juveniles arrested in selected major urban areas. The findings are more reliable than ever because the samples of the arrestee population are now selected on a more scientifically rigorous basis, and data collection has been standardized for all the sites. In addition, the recent redesign of the ADAM program added a number of interview questions, including arrestees' participation in drug markets. All the changes, which required several years of planning and development, were documented and published in 2001. The international piece of the ADAM program, I-ADAM, was established in 1998 to develop a method that would help researchers begin to compare drug use across countries. Twelve countries are currently affiliated with I-ADAM. Four countries--Australia, England, Malaysia, and the United States--collected data in 2001. The persistence and gravity of the drug-crime nexus prompted NIJ, in concert with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), to update the research agenda the two agencies had developed two decades ago. The updated agenda aims to inform public policy by highlighting priority topics and "gaps" in knowledge. NIJ and NIDA began developing the agenda in 2000, presented major portions of it at a forum for scholars and policymakers in April 2001, and will publish a report in 2002. For more information o Dana Hunt and William Rhodes, Methodology Guide for ADAM, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, May 2001, http://www.adam-nij.net. o Joanna Heliotis, Sarah Kuck, and Dana Hunt, Analytic Guide for ADAM, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, May 2001, http://www.adam-nij.net. o Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2002 (NCJ 194616), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/194616.htm. A New Way to Detect Crack Among State prisoners, 15 percent said they were using either crack or powder cocaine at the time they committed their offense. In 2001, at least 22 percent of adult male arrestees in 13 of the 28 reporting ADAM sites said they used crack cocaine in the past year, according to preliminary 2001 ADAM data. Although "self-reports" by arrestees are a valid way to estimate cocaine use, urinalysis is a more objective way. But today's urinalysis technology cannot distinguish between crack and powder. Thanks to NIJ-sponsored research, a solution to this problem may be close at hand. The key is the discovery of an antibody that identifies crack. The inhaled byproducts of crack, the smokable form of cocaine, appear as "markers" in the urine. The technique for identifying the antibody has been available for several years, but until recently could not be studied using a large sample. The new procedure, developed by ADAM staff, confirmed what early research had brought to light: Crack use by arrestees is a significant proportion of their cocaine use. When urine samples from arrestees were tested for cocaine, they showed that almost 90 percent of those who tested positive had used crack, not powder. The new procedure also confirmed the tendency to underestimate drug use. The researchers found the proportion of arrestees who used crack was 28 percent, substantially higher than the 15 percent who said they used it. The procedure is very complex, costly, and in need of refinement, but it appears promising. If crack can be differentiated from powder, it will be possible to measure the relative prevalence of each method of use. NIJ is looking into ways to make the procedure more widely available. For more information o K. Jack Riley, Natalie T. Lu, et al., "Monitoring the Crack Epidemic Through Urine Testing: Establishment of Routine Detection Methods," Addiction Biology 6 (2001):83-95. o Natalie T. Lu, Bruce G. Taylor, and K. Jack Riley, "The Validity of Adult Arrestee Self-Reports of Crack Cocaine Use," American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 27(3) (2001):399-419. Refining Detection Methods Urinalysis has been the method of choice to detect drug use, but it is invasive and only detects fairly recent use. NIJ is evaluating other methods that might be as effective and efficient while being less invasive. Testing a sweat patch. The sweat patch is a tamper-proof adhesive pad that absorbs perspiration when applied to the skin. When the patch is removed, drug residues secreted in sweat can be detected. The patch has a longer detection period than urinalysis and thus offers the opportunity for continuous monitoring. It can be worn up to a week, so not as many drug tests are needed and it is less invasive than urinalysis. But the patch sometimes makes mistakes. It can register drug use when there is none and is more likely than urinalysis to produce false positives, which can occur by contamination of the patch from the surrounding environment or from traces of the drug already on the skin when the patch is applied. NIJ research is working to resolve the contamination and reliability issues. Testing saliva. Saliva testing is relatively noninvasive, results are rapid, little training is needed to conduct the test, and the kits are portable. They can be used right on the roadside, for example, with people suspected of driving under the influence. Several testing kits are now on the market. NIJ is evaluating four of them to determine their advantages and disadvantages. For more information o Melissa Long and David A. Kidwell, Improving the PharmcheckTM Sweat Patch: Reducing False Positives From Environmental Contamination and Increasing Drug Detection, Washington, D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory, December 19, 2001. Stopping Drug Abuse in Prisons Inmate drug use in prisons is a continuing problem for corrections administrators. According to a recent study, about 10 percent of drug tests conducted among jail inmates were positive.[2] Many who are incarcerated, along with their accomplices, attempt to smuggle drugs into detention facilities through every conceivable means. Prisons and jails are especially vulnerable to drugs entering the facility through the mail. In 2001, NIJ began assessing technologies on the market that can rapidly screen mail packages for the presence of drugs. Several types of devices are being tested to find out how accurate they are, how small an amount of a drug they can detect, and whether they can be adapted for use in a correctional facility. For more information o Stacy Wright and Robert F. Butler, "Technology Takes On Drug Smugglers: Can Drug Detection Technology Stop Drugs From Entering Prisons?" Corrections Today 63(4) (July 2001):66-69. Giving Technology Assistance in the Information Age For most of its existence, NIJ has been helping criminal justice agencies improve their service to the public by developing objective performance standards for equipment. Agencies use these performance standards to make informed decisions about purchasing equipment. The Information Age offers criminal justice agencies numerous ways to improve service. By working hand-in-hand with practitioners, NIJ has found ways law enforcement and corrections can take advantage of new technology while mitigating present and potential obstacles. Several technology-based efforts are described below. Enhancing Communications Through Technology Reliable communications is an essential tool for police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel in their day-to-day operations. It becomes especially important during critical incidents that involve multiple agencies. A report by the Congressional Research Service found that most jurisdictions lack a unified communications structure that allows personnel from various public safety agencies to communicate directly with one another during an emergency. Solving the interoperability problem. Interoperability is the ability of two or more public safety agencies to exchange information, when and where it is needed, even when disparate communications or information systems are involved. For several years, NIJ has been investigating ways to help State and local agencies address the lack of communications interoperability. During 2001, NIJ expanded and enhanced a program called AGILE: Interoperability Strategies for Public Safety. AGILE aims to improve public safety by developing and evaluating interoperable technology for emergency first responders. Partnerships between NIJ, public safety associations, and industry have been key to the program's success. One of the first products NIJ evaluated is a system that ties normally incompatible radio systems together. Called the ACU-1000, the technology was tested by the Alexandria (Virginia) Police Department to assess the operational impact and effectiveness of interfacing it with the communications infrastructure of other agencies in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., region. The evaluation found that agencies could talk to one another via radio equipment that used different frequency bands. They could also communicate via radio using the same frequency band but incompatible modulation formats or trunking techniques. The evaluation of ACU-1000 demonstrated an off-the- shelf interim solution to communications interoperability. Solving the shared database problem. Another barrier to effective communication among law enforcement agencies involves sharing databases and mining the data in them. Much of the data that could connect clues and solve crimes is stored in databases that are not compatible or not shared. For example, databases of mug shots may not be able to "talk" to databases that contain information about gang members. The Tucson (Arizona) Police Department, the University of Arizona's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the National Science Foundation, with support from NIJ, have found a way to pool law enforcement information from various regional and local sources. They created a "smart" database that allows law enforcement to enter disparate clues, search for possible suspects, and thus solve cases more rapidly. The technology is called Coplink. It gives police and corrections officers a tool that sorts, collates, and relates data so that investigators can search shared databases using key words. For example, officers may know only that a perpetrator's nickname is "Shorty" and that he drives a two-door white car. They can enter these two pieces of information into the database and come up with a number of possible suspects and their addresses. Coplink was tested in 2001 by the Tucson Police Department and is currently being used by the Tucson and Phoenix Police Departments. Expanded use by these and other departments is anticipated in 2002. For more information o Visit the AGILE Web page at http://www.agileprogram.org. o A description of Coplink can be found in the Summer 1999 edition of Techbeat, online at http://www.nlectc.org/pdffiles/962429.pdf. Facial Recognition Technologies New technologies can scan human faces in a real-time setting, then compare the scanned faces to a database of photographs to identify specific individuals. In 2001, NIJ released results from the Facial Recognition Vendor Test, an effort to assess facial recognition systems available for purchase. The test, cosponsored by the Department of Defense Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, provides the Counterdrug community and other government agencies with information to use in determining the best use of facial recognition technology in the field. For more information o Visit the Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office Facial Recognition Projects Web page at http://www.dodcounterdrug.com/facialrecognition. Electronic Crime Electronic crime is an unfortunate byproduct of the Information Age. State and local law enforcement agencies and prosecutorial offices are facing a growing volume of electronic crimes. To help them learn how to better investigate and solve these cases, NIJ is developing a series of reference tools regarding practices and procedures for investigating electronic crime. The content in the reference tools is guided by practitioners and subject experts who form a working group of professionals from Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies; and from academic, commercial, and professional organizations. In 2001, NIJ published the first in the series, Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, which provides guidance about handling electronic evidence at crime scenes. For more information o Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 187736), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/187736.htm. Making Life Safer for Women and Children Some things we know for sure: violence against women is primarily violence perpetrated by a woman's intimate partner, violence among both men and women is more severe than previously thought,[3] some interventions that work to reduce domestic abuse may not work to prevent elder abuse,[4] and some interventions, like arrest, work for some kinds of perpetrators, but not others.[5] We also know that being abused or neglected as a child increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59 percent, as an adult by 28 percent, and for a violent crime by 30 percent.[6] Over the years, NIJ has conducted much research and evaluated many programs in an effort to find ways to reduce the violence perpetrated against women and their children. But in many cases, building knowledge about what works has been slow because it is impossible to devise experiments that isolate the many complex factors that make up human relationships. How Health Care Providers Can Help Victims Well-documented medical records can make domestic violence court cases stronger. Many health care protocols and training programs recognize the importance of documenting abuse. But medical records often contain shortcomings that prevent the prosecutor from using them as evidence in court. The shortcomings may be as mundane as indecipherable handwriting or as key as missing photographs of injuries. With funds transferred from the Violence Against Women Office within the Office of Justice Programs, NIJ supported researchers who examined the medical charts of almost 100 domestic violence victims. The resulting analysis produced a set of suggestions for ways health care providers can improve the admissibility of evidence. Suggestions include: o Documenting factual information rather than making summary statements. o Photographing the injuries. o Noting the patient's demeanor. o Clearly indicating the patient's statements as his or her own. o Avoiding terms that imply doubt about the patient's reliability. o Refraining from using legal terms. o Writing legibly. A followup study is developing a protocol for improving the way domestic violence is documented by the medical profession. Training for practitioners is a key part of this followup study. For more information o Nancy E. Issacs and V. Pualani Enos, Documenting Domestic Violence: How Health Care Providers Can Help Victims, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 2001 (NCJ 188564), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188564.htm. An Update on the "Cycle of Violence" Childhood victimization represents a widespread, serious social problem. Previous research shows childhood physical and sexual abuse leads to delinquency, and onset of maltreatment may increase the variety, seriousness, and duration of problems. And violence begets violence--today's abused children too often become tomorrow's violent offenders. In 2001, NIJ released the updated results of a longitudinal study that compared the arrest records of abused and/or neglected children with arrest records for children who were not abused or maltreated, and findings reinforced the phenomena known as the "cycle of violence." Being abused or neglected as a child greatly increases the likelihood of that child later being arrested. Maltreated children were younger at the time of their first arrest, committed nearly twice as many offenses, and were arrested more frequently than youth and adults who were not maltreated as children. Physically abused and neglected (versus sexually abused) children were the most likely to be arrested later for a violent crime. In contrast to earlier research findings, the new results indicate that abused and neglected females were also at increased risk of arrest for violence as juveniles and adults. Researchers cite three implications for juvenile authorities and child welfare professionals: intervene early, recognize that neglect can be as high risk as physical abuse in contributing to future violent behavior, and reexamine out-of-home placement policies. For more information o Cathy S. Widom and Michael G. Maxfield, An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, March 2001 (NCJ 184894), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184894.htm. Evaluating Services for Victims State-based criminal justice agencies receive funds to strengthen their response to violence against women. The funding comes from the Violence Against Women Office; the program is called STOP (Services, Training, Officers, and Prosecutors). NIJ evaluates the effectiveness of the programs funded with STOP grants. An evaluation of 6 years of STOP programs suggested that, overall, the awards have been a successful way to improve criminal justice services to women. The evaluators found that collaboration among service providers is key to success and suggested that State STOP agencies make local coordination a priority. The evaluation found that more programs for victims of sexual assault were needed and recommended that greater focus be placed on funding such programs. The evaluation also recommended that agencies and States put into place better data and evaluation systems so that the impact of STOP programs can be better measured. For more information o Martha R. Burt, Janine M. Zweig, Cynthia Andrews, Asheley Van Ness, Neal Parikh, Brenda K. Uekert, and Adele V. Harrell, 2001 Report: Evaluation of the STOP Formula Grants to Combat Violence Against Women, Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, September 2001. ------------------ Products of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence The Future of Forensic DNA Testing: Predictions of the Research and Development Working Group, Issues and Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2000 (NCJ 183697), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183697.htm. Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests, Issues and Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 1999 (NCJ 177626), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/177626.htm. Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, Brochure, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice and the Office for Victims of Crime, May 2001, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/BC000657.htm. Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases: A Guide for Law Enforcement, Research in Practice, Crime Scene Investigation Working Group, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, forthcoming 2002. What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence, Brochure, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 1999, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/000614.htm. What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence, CD-ROM, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2000 (NCJ 182992). What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence: A Computer Based Training Program, CD-ROM, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2000 (NCJ 184479). ------------------ National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center NIJ's commitment to giving technology assistance to State and local criminal justice agencies is demonstrated through NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system, which serves as an "honest broker" for law enforcement and corrections agencies seeking to implement current and emerging technologies. The NLECTC system is comprised of five regional centers and complemented by several specialty offices and a national office in Rockville, Maryland. The regional centers tailor technology solutions by coupling expertise with unique regional characteristics. For example, the newest regional center, in Anchorage, Alaska, gives advice on the most effective equipment to use in cold and blustery climates and ways to minimize training through distance learning. Other regional centers in the system are the northeast site in Rome, New York; the southeast site in North Charleston, South Carolina; the Rocky Mountain site in Denver, Colorado; and the western site in El Segundo, California. In 2001, NIJ also expanded the NLECTC specialty centers: The Rural Law Enforcement Technology Center (RULETC) was established in Hazard, Kentucky, to address technology issues unique to historically underserved rural jurisdictions. Although rural jurisdictions make up the majority of law enforcement agencies in the United States, they are on the wrong side of the digital divide when dealing with communications and information technology. RULETC staff are working to bridge that gap through the review of communications problems in Kentucky's rural landscape. Other specialty centers are the Border Research and Technology Center in San Diego, California; the Office of Law Enforcement Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland; and the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization in Wheeling, West Virginia. NLECTC also assists State and local law enforcement by transferring Federal surplus property to State and local agencies. In 2001, the transfer program moved $135 million worth of property to more than one million sworn officers working in more than 8,000 State and local law enforcement agencies and 500 Federal agencies. In addition, NLECTC staff worked with the Defense Information System Agency to transfer excess computers and equipment worth approximately $1.5 million to law enforcement agencies. For more information o Visit the NLECTC Web page at http://www.justnet.org. ------------------ Notes 1. Summary of Findings From the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Statistics, 2001:1. 2. Doris James Wilson, Drug Use, Testing, and Treatment in Jails, Special Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2000 (NCJ 179999), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/duttj.pdf. 3. Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 2000 (NCJ 183781), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183781.htm. 4. Research shows that domestic violence is reduced when a team consisting of a police officer and domestic violence counselor intervenes. When the same strategy was tried in cases involving elders, the victims reported more subsequent abuse. (See Robert C. Davis and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Results from an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 2001 (NCJ 188675), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs- sum/188675.htm.) 5. Christopher D. Maxwell, Joel H. Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, The Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the Spouse Assault Replication Program, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188199), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188199.htm. 6. Cathy S. Widom and Michael G. Maxfield, An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, March 2001 (NCJ 184894), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184894.htm. ------------------------------ Appendixes Appendix A: Organization NIJ's internal organization, shown in exhibit 1, "Organization of NIJ," reflects the discrete missions of each component of the Institute: o The Office of the Director sets the Institute's agenda, develops strategic plans and policies, initiates collaboration with other government and private agencies, and oversees the Institute's budget and management activities. o The Office of Development and Communications develops and tests research-based programs, brings promising new practices to the attention of the field, and communicates findings and technological innovations through multiple methods. Priority is given to the needs of State and local officials and criminal justice practitioners. The International Center focuses on crime and justice issues that transcend national boundaries and have impact on State and local criminal justice systems. o The Office of Research and Evaluation develops, conducts, directs, and supervises comprehensive research and evaluation activities. The range of research and evaluation cuts across a wide array of distinct topics within the Institute's charter. Three programs operate as distinct centers of activity: the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program; the Crime Mapping Research Center; and the Data Resources Program, which ensures the preservation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded research. o The Office of Science and Technology directs and supervises technology research, development, and demonstrations to provide law enforcement and corrections agencies access to the best technologies available. It also provides technology assistance so that these agencies can enhance their capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Technology assistance is provided through the network of the regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. Exhibit 1: Organization of NIJ [see PDF file.] ------------------------------ Appendix B: Financial Data [see PDF file.] Exhibit 2: Trends in NIJ's Research and Development Portfolio, FY 1994- 2001 Exhibit 3: Sources of NIJ Funds, in Millions, FY 1994-2001 Exhibit 4: Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total Expenditures, FY 2001 ------------------------------ Appendix C: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 2001 (includes first-time awards and supplements to previous awards) Community Justice Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis of Safety Strategies--City of Redlands East Valley Initiative Redlands Police Department James R. Bueermann $624,199 01-MU-MU-K012 Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies--Milwaukee Milwaukee, City of Jim Pingel $625,000 01-IJ-CX-K005 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Peter Maier $275,000 01-MU-MU-K015 Development of Crime Forecasting and Mapping Systems for Use by Police Carnegie Mellon University Thomas Eagan $233,500 01-IJ-CX-0018 Development and Implementation of a Crime Mapping Training Lab National Corrections and Law Enforcement Training and Technology Center G. Steve Morrison $96,545 01-LT-BX-K007 Corrections Electronic Supervision Tools: Improving Practice and Technology Council of State Governments/American Probation and Parole Association Carl Wicklund $99,720 99-LT-VX-K001 Offender Prediction and Classification University of Texas-Austin William R. Kelly $15,000 01-IJ-CX-0003 Prevalence and Management of Infectious Disease Conditions in the Correctional Setting University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio Jacques Baillargeon $254,701 01-IJ-CX-0023 Tale of Two Laws Revisited: Investigating the Impact of Prisoner Litigation Reform National Center for State Courts-Virginia Fred Cheesman $135,644 01-IJ-CX-0013 Technology in Corrections American Correctional Association John Greene $174,663 96-LB-VX-K004 Tenth National Survey of HIV/AIDS, STD's, and TB in Corrections Abt Associates Inc. Theodore Hammett $202,414 01-IJ-CX-K018 Understanding the Female Offender University of New Mexico Lisa Broidy $195,655 01-IJ-CX-0034 Validating a Brief Jail Mental Health Screen University of Maryland-Baltimore Jack E. Scott $281,412 01-IJ-CX-0030 Courts Reentry Courts Process Evaluation Research Triangle Institute Pamela Lattimore $50,000 01-DD-BX-0071 Crime Prevention Crime Prevention, General Breaking the Cycle Research Demonstration Pierce County Alliance Terree Schmidt $300,000 98-IJ-CX-K011 Exploration of the Correlates of Specialization and Escalation Arizona State University Todd Armstrong $30,814 01-IJ-CX-0004 Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods/Program on Human Development and Criminal Behavior Harvard College Felton J. Earls $2,200,000 93-IJ-CX-K005 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) SACSI Research Partnership Michigan State University Timothy S. Bynum $229,915 01-IJ-CX-K006 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative Reed Institute Stefan J. Kapsch $25,000 99-IJ-CX-0025 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative Rochester Institute of Technology John Klofas $229,947 01-IJ-CX-K009 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative University of New Mexico Albert Harper $229,993 01-IJ-CX-K001 Information Dissemination and Review of Criminal Justice Research Annual Review of Justice Research Castine Research Corporation Michael Tonry $202,446 92-IJ-CX-K044 Applying Fuzzy Statistical Methods to Survey Data Sam Houston State University Steven Jay Cuvelier $35,000 01-IJ-CX-0002 Campbell Crime and Justice Group University of Pennsylvania Lawrence Sherman $34,994 01-IJ-CX-0032 Center for Criminal Justice Technology Mitretek Systems, Inc. Steven L. Pomerantz $997,796 01-LT-BX-K002 Committee on Law and Justice Core Support National Academy of Sciences Judith P. Cohn $280,000 01-MU-MU-0007 Crime and Justice Atlas: Centennial Edition Justice Research and Statistics Association Joan C. Weiss $37,000 00-IJ-CX-0005 Journal of Criminology and Public Policy John Jay College-Research Foundation of the City University of New York Todd Clear $113,961 00-IJ-CX-0036 Technology Conference Support Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc. James Scutt $1,072,855 99-LT-VX-K021 International Crime The Internet Studio: Building the Infrastructure for the World Justice Information Network Rule of Law Foundation Sergey Chapkey $107,970 98-IJ-CX-K004 NIJ Rule-of-Law Transition Support Activities Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunworth $674,200 01-IJ-CX-K002 Preventing Corruption and Crime in the Republic of Georgia: A Three-Pronged Cultural Approach National Strategy Information Center, Inc. Roy Godson $222,500 01-IJ-CX-K016 Trafficking in Persons in the United States Croft Institute for International Studies Kevin B. Bales $199,395 01-IJ-CX-0027 Investigative and Forensic Sciences Forensics, General Central Piedmont Community College Forensic Institute Central Piedmont Community College Michael Horn $498,900 01-RC-CX-K009 Direct In-Situ ID of Inks to Expedite Forensic Analysis Iowa State University John McClelland $160,000 01-LT-BX-K004 DNA: Lessons From the Past, Problems for the Future Brooklyn Law School Margaret Berger $31,235 01-LT-BX-0002 Forensic Equipment for Southern Regional Crime Laboratory Arizona Department of Public Safety Todd A. Griffith $698,460 01-RC-CX-K007 Forensic ID Training and Research Resources at West Virginia University West Virginia University Research Corporation Edwin Rood $3,000,000 01-RC-CX-K003 Forensic Science and Crime Scene Technology Conference Frenzy Expo, LLC Elia Beeken $100,000 01-LT-BX-0001 Marshall University Forensic Science Center Marshall University Ron Schelling $502,382 01-RC-CX-K002 National Center for Forensic Science University of Central Florida Terri Vallery $2,489,477 98-IJ-CX-K003 Neurobiological and Psychosocial Correlates and Predictors University of Mississippi Medical Center Angelos Halaris $1,000,000 01-IJ-CX-0036 Pattern Recognition Techniques in Investigative and Forensic Sciences Institute for Linguistic Evidence, Inc. Carole E. Chaski $84,000 98-LB-VX-0065 Perfluorocarbon Detection Experiment--II Tracer Detection Technology Corporation Jay Fraser $99,780 01-LT-BX-K005 Procurement of Fingerprint Examination Instruments Kansas Bureau of Investigation Mike VanStratton $149,670 01-RC-CX-K012 Service Quality in Crime Laboratories National Forensic Science Technology Center William J. Tilstone $2,594,280 00-RC-CX-K001 Support to the 15th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences International Association of Forensic Sciences, Inc. Barry A.J. Fisher $15,062 98-LB-VX-0011 Time-Sensitive Investigations: Arnold Markle Symposium 2001 University of New Haven-School of Public Safety Albert Harper $27,750 01-LT-BX-K001 DNA 5-Year Plan Development of Rapid, Immobilized Probe Assay for the Detection of mtDNA Variation Children's Hospital-Oakland Research Institute Kathleen Gonzalez $259,080 96-IJ-CX-0028 Microdevice for Automated, Ultra-High-Speed, and Portable DNA Forensics Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Daniel J. Ehrlich $1,102,790 98-LB-VX-K022 DNA Laboratory Improvement Program Automated STR Mixture Analysis Cybergenetics Co. Mark Perlin $396,525 01-IJ-CX-K003 Charge Tags as Electronic Labels for DNA Microchip Testing Carnegie Mellon University Victor W. Weedn $180,849 01-IJ-CX-K012 Development of Y SNP Assays for a Multicolor Fluorescence Detection System American University Janice Idyll $55,568 01-IJ-CX-K013 Homogenous Fluorescent PCR Assays for Forensically Informative Sites Over the Entire mtDNA Genome American Registry of Pathology Thomas J. Parsons $465,082 00-IJ-CX-K010 LINE Elements: New Source of Genomic Variation-DNA Profiling Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Mark Batzer $370,513 01-IJ-CX-K004 Locus-Specific Brackets and Multiplex PCR for Y Chromosome STR's Oligotrail, LLC Debang Liu $224,588 01-IJ-CX-K008 Plant DNA Typing by AFLP University of New Haven-School of Public Safety Albert Harper $259,868 01-IJ-CX-K011 Renovation and Expansion of SEMO Regional Crime Lab Southeast Missouri State University Robert C. Briner $750,000 01-MU-MU-K004 Replacement and Enhancement of Lab Instrumentation and Equipment Vermont Department of Public Safety Eric Buel $498,900 01-RC-CX-K005 CODIS Backlog Reduction DNA Backlog Reduction Program Bode Technology Group, Inc. Thomas J. Bode $2,297,252 01-RC-CX-K010 DNA Backlog Reduction Program Fairfax Identity Laboratories Daniel B. Demers $103,392 01-RC-CX-K011 DNA Backlog Reduction Program GeneScreen John Rader $90,400 01-RC-CX-K008 DNA Backlog Reduction Program Georgia Bureau of Investigation George Herrin, Jr. $482,710 01-RC-CX-0003 DNA Backlog Reduction Program Lifecodes Corporation Bruce Boeko $22,932 01-RC-CX-0002 DNA Backlog Reduction Program Myraid Genetic Laboratories, Inc. Brian E. Ward $2,746,764 01-RC-CX-K014 DNA Backlog Reduction Program North Carolina Department of Justice Mark S. Nelson $146,400 01-RC-CX-0001 DNA Backlog Reduction Program ReliaGene Technologies, Inc. Sudhir K. Sinha $60,200 01-RC-CX-K013 Equipment Replacement and DNA Remodel Alaska Department of Public Safety George M. Taft, Jr. $1,249,926 01-RC-CX-K001 Georgia Crime Lab Improvement and Case Backlog Reduction Project Georgia Bureau of Investigation Terry Mills III $648,570 01-RC-CX-K006 Laboratory Information Management System Implementation Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation Roger Kahn $498,898 01-RC-CX-K004 Less-Than-Lethal Incapacitation Less-Than-Lethal Equipment Review National Security Research, Inc. Jeffrey Schwartz $24,752 01-LT-BX-K009 Less-Than-Lethal Technology Support Pennsylvania State University Andrew F. Mazzara $77,464 01-RD-CX-K002 Ring Airfoil Projectile System for Less-Than-Lethal Application Guilford Engineering Associates, Inc. David Findlay $80,990 97-IJ-CX-K019 Communication and Information Technologies Advanced Generation Interoperability for Law Enforcement University of Denver-Colorado Seminary Robert Epper $712,015 01-RD-CX-K001 Capital Wireless Integrated Network University of Maryland-College Park George Ake $373,666 01-RB-CX-K001 Distributed COPLINK Database and Concept Space Development Tucson, City of Jennifer Schroeder $395,077 00-RB-CX-K001 Establish and Publish a Suite of Very Narrow Band Voice and Data Standards Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International, Inc. Craig M. Jorgensen $100,000 97-LB-VX-K002 Indiana Hoosier Safe-T Indiana State Police Lester Miller $2,993,400 01-LT-BX-K003 Interoperable Communications for Public Safety Agencies Sheriffs' Association of Texas Steve Westbrook $168,169 01-MU-MU-K017 Law Enforcement Data Mining Analytical Tools Developed in Support of the Washington/Baltimore HITDA University of Maryland-College Park Thomas H. Carr $1,470,000 99-LT-VX-K010 National Communications Interoperability Assessment Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory Darcy Brudin $49,730 00-MU-MU-K007 Spatial Knowledge Mining and Information Sharing University of Virginia Donald E. Brown $210,000 00-RB-CX-K004 Statewide LAWNET Communications Project New Hampshire Department of Safety Frederick H. Booth $3,900,201 01-MU-MU-K010 Training and Simulation Technologies Rural Law Enforcement Technology Support Eastern Kentucky University Pam Collins $250,000 00-MU-MU-K008 Technology Outreach Program Primedia Workplace Learning Josh Klarin $236,956 00-MU-MU-K020 Critical Incident Response/Counterterrorism Technologies Incident Command Management System Test Bed Camber Corporation Ed Wolcoff $250,000 01-MU-MU-K014 Program Assessment, Policy, and Coordination Criminology and Public Policy American Society of Criminology Chris Eskridge $206,356 01-IJ-CX-0015 Public Safety Technology Partnership Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc. Lisa Hecker $248,931 01-LT-BX-K011 Risk Assessment Validation Study Johns Hopkins University Jacquelyn Campbell $523,669 00-WT-VX-0011 SEASKATE Technology and Policy Assessment Executive Panel SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr. $598,630 01-MU-MU-K003 Surplus Property Program Ultimate Enterprises Limited Michael Simpson $245,458 96-LB-VX-K002 Technology and Policy Assessment Liability Task Group SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr. $278,431 01-MU-MU-K001 Technology Assistance, National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) Governance and Technology Delivery Processes for NLECTC Elberton, City of Ruth M. Davis $378,446 98-LB-VX-0001 NLECTC--Rocky Mountain Region University of Denver-Colorado Seminary Robert Epper $1,775,508 96-MU-MU-K012 NLECTC--Rural Law Enforcement Technology Center Eastern Kentucky University Pam Collins $1,457,000 01-MU-MU-K009 NLECTC--Southeast Region South Carolina Research Authority Gary Mastrandrea $5,028,402 97-MU-MU-K020 NLECTC Supplemental Funding for Development of OLES Web Site Aspen Systems Corporation Richard S. Rosenthal $2,789,914 96-MU-MU-K011 NLECTC--West Aerospace Corporation Jay Glowacki $1,728,190 00-MU-MU-K004 Operation of the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization Wheeling Jesuit University Carole Coleman $2,800,000 98-IJ-CX-K002 Law Enforcement Policing, General Assessing Police Officers' Decision Making and Discretion University of South Carolina Geoffrey Alpert $247,877 01-IJ-CX-0035 An Assessment of Indian Country Law Enforcement in PL-280 States University of California-Los Angeles Carole Goldberg $299,993 01-IJ-CX-0031 The Cop Crunch: Identifying Strategies for Dealing Effectively With the Recruiting and Hiring Crisis in Law Enforcement Police Executive Research Forum Lorie Fridell $210,995 01-IJ-CX-0024 Does the Way Police Treat Citizens in Routine Encounters Shape Community Opinion of the Police? Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Robert C. Davis $106,509 01-IJ-CX-0038 Examining Minority Trust and Confidence in the Police University of Illinois Darnell F. Hawkins $343,132 01-IJ-CX-0021 Exploring the Reasons for Public Trust and Confidence New York University Tom Tyler $196,488 01-IJ-CX-0029 Rethinking Minority Attitudes Toward the Police George Washington University Helen Spencer $202,273 01-IJ-CX-0016 Transferring Responsibility for Child Welfare to a Law Enforcement Agency: An Evaluation University of Pennsylvania Richard Gelles $194,762 00-IJ-CX-0002 Why Do Corporations Obey Environmental Law? University of Maryland-College Park Sally Simpson $315,792 01-IJ-CX-0020 Community Policing Blueprint for Sustaining Community-Based Initiatives Winston-Salem State University Sylvia Oberle $49,070 01-IJ-CX-0025 Criminal Careers of Places: A Longitudinal Study University of Maryland-College Park David Weisburd $286,967 01-IJ-CX-0022 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support (CLEFS) CLEFS Law Enforcement Field Test Knoxville, City of Cheri Matlock $100,000 01-FS-BX-K004 Correction Officer Stress Management New Jersey Department of Corrections Therese Matthews $99,239 01-LT-BX-K013 Law Enforcement and Family Stress Duluth, City of Peg Johnson $94,046 01-FS-BX-K002 North Miami Beach Police "SOS" (Stop Our Stress) North Miami Beach, City of Mike Gordon $60,300 01-FS-BX-K003 Staff and Family Support Program Iowa Department of Corrections Larry Brimeyer $100,000 01-LT-BX-K012 Wisconsin Youth Counselor Stress Reduction Program Wisconsin Department of Corrections Shelly Hagan $100,000 01-FS-BX-K001 Schools Berkeley High School Security Project Berkeley Unified School District Frank Lynch $305,265 01-LT-BX-K008 Increasing the Utility of School Incident Data Abt Associates Inc. Thomas Rich $201,785 01-IJ-CX-0026 Integration of Law Enforcement Into School Safety Milwaukee Public Schools Peter Pochowski $280,000 01-IJ-CX-0037 Role of Law Enforcement in Public School Safety University of Cincinnati Lawrence F. Travis III $405,262 01-IJ-CX-0011 Safe School Technologies MATCOM William Walsh $49,566 99-LT-VX-K015 Safe Schools, Law Enforcement, and Corrections Research Support George Mason University Stephen D. Mastrofski $49,890 00-RD-CX-K003 Software Radio for School Safety Vanu, Inc. Andrew D. Beard $149,750 01-RD-CX-K003 Testing a Drug Detection and Identification System in Secondary Schools Using Nontoxic Aerosol Technology Mistral Security, Inc. Eyal Banai $356,925 00-RD-CX-K004 Sentencing Impact of Truth-in-Sentencing on Length of Stay in Prison Urban Institute Avinash Bhati $14,067 98-CE-VX-0006 Maryland Department of Juvenile Justice Partnership to Study Waiver Effects University of Baltimore Cindy Smith $145,972 98-CE-VX-0018 Technology Development Officer Protection and Crime Prevention Technologies Activity-Suppressing Light Barrier Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory Maurice Permodo $75,034 01-LT-BX-K006 Applying Behavioral Economics and Game Theory to the Problems of Optimal Crime Control University of California-Los Angeles Mark Kleiman $145,000 01-IJ-CX-0033 Biometric Authentication System Integrated Technology Solutions, Inc. James L. Gossard $235,000 01-RB-CX-K002 Consolidated Advanced Technologies for Law Enforcement University of New Hampshire W. Thomas Miller III $3,492,300 01-LT-BX-K010 Development of a Smart Gun Prototype Using Handgrip Recognition Jeffrey Moser $299,510 01-IJ-CX-K010 Enhancing Imputation Methodologies for County-Level UCR Data University of Illinois Michael D. Maltz $34,997 01-IJ-CX-0006 Face Recognition and Intelligent Software Development Analytic Services, Inc. Antonio R. Harris $1,787,021 98-LB-VX-K021 Improved Thermal Control Body Armor Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory Darcy Brudin $199,560 01-RD-CX-K004 Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination Eastern Kentucky University Tom Thurman $230,424 99-DT-CX-K001 Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination and Training Eastern Kentucky University James T. Thurman $46,742 99-LT-VX-K002 Multiband Antenna System for AGILE Mission Research Corporation Hirsch Chizever $105,936 00-RB-CX-K002 Secure Weapons System FN Manufacturing, Inc. Jeffrey R. Rankin $1,271,826 01-IJ-CX-K017 Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System Criminal Information Sharing Alliance Glen Gillum $8,773,400 97-LB-VX-K009 Technology Information Exchange for State and Local Law Enforcement International Association of Chiefs of Police John Firman $174,102 99-LT-VX-K004 Victimization and Victim Services Victim Services, General National Impact Evaluation of Victim Service Programs Urban Institute Martha Burt $161,163 99-WT-VX-0010 Victim Rights and Services for the Pueblo of Laguna New Mexico State University Joan Crowley $90,000 01-VI-GX-0011 Elder Abuse Bruising in the Geriatric Population University of California-Irvine Laura Mosqueda $110,745 01-IJ-CX-K014 Identifying Forensic Markers in Elder Sexual Abuse Boston College Stephen Erickson $99,264 01-IJ-CX-K015 Recommendations for Elder Abuse and Related Forensic Issues American Bar Association Lori Stiegel $100,000 01-IJ-CX-K007 Violence Violence, General Explaining Males' and Females' Delinquency University of Nebraska-Omaha Finn Esbensen $15,000 01-IJ-CX-0009 Gender, Economic Transformation, and Urban Violence University of Florida-Gainesville Karen F. Parker $32,440 01-IJ-CX-0008 Impact of Immigration in Ethnic-Specific Violence in Miami Florida International University Ramiro Martinez, Jr. $61,997 01-IJ-CX-0012 Violence Against Women and Family Violence Context, Motives, and Meaning of Partner Violence University of North Texas Linda L. Marshall $499,960 01-WT-BX-0504 Culturally Focused Batterer Counseling for African-American Men Indiana University of Pennsylvania Edward Gondolf $356,321 01-WT-BX-0003 Development and Validation of a Coercive Control Measure Cosmos Corporation Mary Ann Dutton $430,924 01-WT-BX-0503 Ecological Model of Battered Women's Experience Over Time Georgetown University Mary Ann Dutton $569,586 01-WT-BX-0001 Empirical Examination of a Theory of Women's Use of Violence in Intimate Relationships Yale University Susanne Swan $388,803 01-WT-BX-0502 Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration of Collaborations to Address Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment Caliber Associates Sharon Bishop $749,518 00-MU-MU-0014 Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration for Enhanced Judicial Oversight of Domestic Violence Cases Urban Institute Adele Harrell $640,000 99-WT-VX-K005 Explaining the Prevalence, Context, and Consequences of Dual Arrest in Intimate Partner Cases University of Massachusetts-Lowell Research Foundation David Hirschel $428,189 01-WT-BX-0501 Female-on-Female Assault in an Urban Area Rutgers State University-New Jersey Nancy M. Hirschinger $15,000 01-WT-BX-0505 Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Women's Labor Force University of Illinois Stephanie Riger $299,407 01-WT-BX-0002 National Sexual Violence Prevention Conference Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault Polly Poskin $75,000 01-WT-BX-0004 Testing the Impact of Court Monitoring and Batterer Intervention Program New York, City of Michele Sviridoff $294,129 01-WT-BX-0506 When Silenced Voices Speak: Exploratory Study of Prostitute Homicide Cases MCP Hahnemann University Jonathan A. Dudek $15,000 01-IJ-CX-0001 Firearms Ballistics Matching Using 3D Images of Bullets and Cartridge Cases Intelligent Automation, Inc. Benjamin Bachrach $54,982 97-LB-VX-0008 Gun Policy, Gun Violence, and America's Cities Brookings Institution Bruce Katz $35,000 01-IJ-CX-0010 Improving Research and Data on Firearms National Academy of Sciences Carol Petrie $175,613 00-IJ-CX-0034 New Haven Gun Project Spectrum Associates Market Research, Inc. Eliot Hartstone $42,000 99-IJ-CX-K001 Strategic Disruption of Firearms Markets Rand Corporation Jack Riley $399,993 01-IJ-CX-0028 Youth Assessment of the Special Programming and Management Needs of Youths University of Texas-Austin Yvonne Murray $193,289 01-IJ-CX-0014 Between Two Worlds: Prosecuting Adolescents in Juvenile Court New York University Aaron Kupchik $14,942 01-IJ-CX-0005 Breaking-the-Cycle Project for Juveniles Lane County Department of Youth Services Stephen Carmichael $7,444 99-IJ-CX-K017 Breaking-the-Cycle Project for Juveniles Evaluation Research Triangle Institute Pamela Lattimore $300,000 99-IJ-CX-0032 Evaluation of Juvenile Justice Mental Health Initiative With Randomized Design University of Missouri-St. Louis G. David Curry $200,000 01-IJ-CX-0017 Impact of Juvenile Justice Involvement on Educational Outcomes Northwestern University Paul Hirschfield $15,000 01-IJ-CX-0007 Police Problem-Solving Strategies for Dealing With Youth- and Gang-Related Firearms Rand Corporation Peter Greenwood $65,000 98-IJ-CX-0043 ------------------------------ Appendix D: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 2001 Most NIJ materials are free and can be obtained from these three sources: 1. NIJ: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. 2. National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS): http://www.ncjrs.org, 800-851-3420, P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000. 3. (For science and technology materials) National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC): http://www.justnet.org, 800-248- 2742. ADAM Reports ADAM Preliminary 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets--Adult Male Arrestees, Taylor, Bruce G., Nora Fitzgerald, Dana Hunt, Judy A. Reardon, and Henry H. Brownstein, Research Report, December 2001, 36 pages, NCJ 189101. Analytic Guide for ADAM, Heliotis, Joanna, Sarah Kuck, and Dana Hunt, May 2001, 51 pages. Methodology Guide for ADAM, Hunt, Dana, and William Rhodes, May 2001, 82 pages. 2000 Annualized Site Reports, Research Report, June 2001, 400 pages, NCJ 192943. Corrections Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies, Finn, Peter, Issues and Practices, February 2001, 129 pages, NCJ 183474. A National Study Comparing the Environments of Boot Camps With Traditional Facilities for Juvenile Offenders, MacKenzie, Doris Layton, Angela R. Gover, and Gaylene Styve, Research in Brief, August 2001, 19 pages, NCJ 187680. A Resource Guide to Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic Technologies, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Resource Guide, May 2001, 103 pages, NCJ 186822. What Future for "Public Safety" and "Restorative Justice" in Community Corrections? Smith, Michael E., Research in Brief, June 2001, 19 pages, NCJ 187773. Courts Documenting Domestic Violence: How Health Care Providers Can Help Victims, Isaac, Nancy E., and V. Pualani Enos, Research in Brief, October 2001, 10 pages, NCJ 188564. Pretrial Services Programs: Responsibilities and Potential, Mahoney, Barry, Bruce D. Beaudin, John A. Carver III, Daniel B. Ryan, and Richard B. Hoffman, Issues and Practices, March 2001, 130 pages, NCJ 181939. A Resource Guide to Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic Technologies, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Resource Guide, May 2001, 103 pages, NCJ 186822. Sentencing Guidelines: Reflections on the Future, Lubitz, Robin L., and Thomas W. Ross, Research in Brief, June 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 186480. Crime Prevention Crime Mapping and Analysis by Community Organizations in Hartford, Connecticut, Rich, Thomas, Research in Brief, March 2001, 19 pages, NCJ 185333. Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods--Does It Lead to Crime? Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush, Research in Brief, February 2001, 13 pages, NCJ 186049. Pretrial Services Programs: Responsibilities and Potential, Mahoney, Barry, Bruce D. Beaudin, John A. Carver III, Daniel B. Ryan, and Richard B. Hoffman, Issues and Practices, March 2001, 130 pages, NCJ 181939. Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire, Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring, Research Report, October 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 188741. Results From an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Davis, Robert C., and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Research in Brief, September 2001, 12 pages, NCJ 188675. An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Widom, Cathy S., and Michael G. Maxfield, Research in Brief, March 2001, 14 pages, NCJ 184894. Drugs and Crime ADAM Preliminary 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets: Adult Male Arrestees, Taylor, Bruce G., Nora Fitzgerald, Dana Hunt, Judy A. Reardon, and Henry H. Brownstein, Research Report, December 2001, 36 pages, NCJ 189101. Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle, Vander Waal, Curtis J., Duane C. McBride, Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, and Holly VanBuren, Research Report, May 2001, 24 pages, NCJ 186156. Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series, Volume 4, Zimring, Franklin, Richard B. Freeman, William A. Vega, Lawrence W. Sherman, and Heather B. Weiss, Research Forum, March 2001, 135 pages, NCJ 184245. The Rise of Marijuana as the Drug of Choice Among Youthful Adult Arrestees, Golub, Andrew, and Bruce D. Johnson, Research in Brief, June 2001, 26 pages, NCJ 187490. Trace Detection of Narcotics Using a Preconcentrator/Ion Mobility Spectrometer System, Parmeter, John E., and Gary A. Eiceman, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, April 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 187111. International Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in Post-Soviet Ukraine, Foglesong, Todd S., and Peter H. Solomon, Jr., Research Report, July 2001, 119 pages, NCJ 186166. Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do It, Bayley, David H., Research Report, June 2001, 108 pages, NCJ 188742. The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, Finckenauer, James O., and Yuri A. Voronin, Research Report, June 2001, 35 pages, NCJ 187085. Investigative Sciences Biometrics Catalog online, July 2001. Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J., and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434. Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, National Institute of Justice, NIJ Guide, July 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187736. Flammable and Combustible Liquid Spill/Burn Patterns, Putorti, Jr., Anthony D., Jay A. McElroy, and Daniel Madrzykowski, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, March 2001, 18 pages, NCJ 186634. Improved Analysis of DNA Short Tandem Repeats With Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Butler, John M., and Christopher H. Becker, Science and Technology Research Report, October 2001, 54 pages, NCJ 188292. Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, National Institute of Justice and Office for Victims of Crime, Brochure, May 2001, 8 pages, BC 000657. Law Enforcement Antenna System Guide, NIJ Guide 202-00, Kissick, W.A., W.J. Ingram, J.M. Vanderau, and R.D. Jennings, April 2001, 61 pages, NCJ 185030. Citizen Review of Police: Approaches and Implementation, Finn, Peter, Issues and Practices, March 2001, 209 pages, NCJ 184430. Community Prosecution in Washington, D.C., Boland, Barbara, Research Report, June 2001, 46 pages, NCJ 186274. Crime Mapping and Analysis by Community Organizations in Hartford, Connecticut, Rich, Thomas, Research in Brief, March 2001, 19 pages, NCJ 185333. Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J., and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434. Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, Walker, Samuel, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney, Research in Brief, July 2001, 17 pages, NCJ 188565. Electronic Crime Needs Assessment for State and Local Law Enforcement, Stambaugh, Hollis, David S. Beaupre, David J. Icove, Richard Baker, Wayne Cassaday, and Wayne P. Williams, Research Report, March 2001, 77 pages, NCJ 186276. Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, NIJ Guide, July 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187736. Flammable and Combustible Liquid Spill/Burn Patterns, Putorti, Jr., Anthony D., Jay A. McElroy, and Daniel Madrzykowski, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, March 2001, 18 pages, NCJ 186634. Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 100-00, Volume I, June 2000, 70 pages, NCJ 184449. Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 100-00, Volume II, June 2000, 452 pages, NCJ 184450. An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 101-00, December 2001, 46 pages, NCJ 190747. The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization, and Research Agenda, Bayley, David H., and Clifford D. Shearing, Research Report, July 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 187083. Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Chan, Theodore C., Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden, and Tom Neuman, Research in Brief, November 2001, 13 pages, NCJ 188069. Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data, Wartell, Julie, and J. Thomas McEwen, Research Report, July 2001, 66 pages, NCJ 188739. Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire, Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring, Research Report, October 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 188741. A Resource Guide to Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic Technologies, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Resource Guide, May 2001, 103 pages, NCJ 186822. Selection and Application Guide to Personal Body Armor, November 2001, 121 pages, NCJ 189633. Trace Detection of Narcotics Using a Preconcentrator/Ion Mobility Spectrometer System, Parmeter, John E., and Gary A. Eiceman, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, April 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 187111. Users' Guide for Hand-Held and Walk-Through Metal Detectors, Paulter, Nicholas G., Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, January 2001, 56 pages, NCJ 184433. Research and Evaluation Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle, Vander Waal, Curtis J., Duane C. McBride, Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, and Holly VanBuren, Research Report, May 2001, 24 pages, NCJ 186156. Citizen Review of Police: Approaches and Implementation, Finn, Peter, Issues and Practices, March 2001, 209 pages, NCJ 184430. Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in Post-Soviet Ukraine, Foglesong, Todd S., and Peter H. Solomon, Jr., Research Report, July 2001, 113 pages, NCJ 186166. Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do It, Bayley, David H., Research Report, June 2001, 108 pages, NCJ 188742. Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J., and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434. Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods--Does It Lead to Crime? Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush, Research in Brief, February 2001, 13 pages, NCJ 186049. Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, Walker, Samuel, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney, Research in Brief, July 2001, 17 pages, NCJ 188565. The Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the Spouse Assault Replication Program, Maxwell, Christopher D., Joel H. Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, Research in Brief, July 2001, 22 pages, NCJ 188199. Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband Imaging and Detection, NIJ Guide 602-00, Paulter, Nicholas G., February 2001, 66 pages, NCJ 184432. 1999 Survey of Forensic Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, March 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187237. Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Chan, Theodore C., Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden, and Tom Neuman, Research in Brief, November 2001, 13 pages, NCJ 188069. Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series, Volume 4, Zimring, Franklin, Richard B. Freeman, William A. Vega, Lawrence W. Sherman, and Heather B. Weiss, Research Forum, March 2001, 135 pages, NCJ 184245. Policing on American Indian Reservations, Wakeling, Stewart, Miriam Jorgensen, Susan Michaelson, and Manley Begay, Research Report, Revised September 2001, 115 pages, NCJ 188095. Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data, Wartell, Julie, and J. Thomas McEwen, Research Report, July 2001, 66 pages, NCJ 188739. Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire, Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring, Research Report, October 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 188741. Results From an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Davis, Robert C., and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Research in Brief, September 2001, 12 pages, NCJ 188675. The Rise of Marijuana as the Drug of Choice Among Youthful Adult Arrestees, Golub, Andrew, and Bruce D. Johnson, Research in Brief, June 2001, 26 pages, NCJ 187490. Sentencing Guidelines: Reflections on the Future, Lubitz, Robin L., and Thomas W. Ross, Research in Brief, June 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 186480. The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, Finckenauer, James O., and Yuri A. Voronin, Research Report, June 2001, 35 pages, NCJ 187085. Science and Technology Antenna System Guide, NIJ Guide 202-00, Kissick, W.A., W.J. Ingram, J.M. Vanderau, and R.D. Jennings, April 2001, 61 pages, NCJ 185030. Biometrics Catalog online, July 2001. Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J., and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434. Electronic Crime Needs Assessment for State and Local Law Enforcement, Stambaugh, Hollis, David S. Beaupre, David J. Icove, Richard Baker, Wayne Cassaday, and Wayne P. Williams, Research Report, March 2001, 77 pages, NCJ 186276. Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, National Institute of Justice, NIJ Guide, July 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187736. Flammable and Combustible Liquid Spill/Burn Patterns, Putorti, Jr., Anthony D., Jay A. McElroy, and Daniel Madrzykowski, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, March 2001, 18 pages, NCJ 186634. Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00, Volume I, National Institute of Justice, October 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 189724. Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00, Volume II, National Institute of Justice, October 2001, 186 pages, NCJ 189725. Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband Imaging and Detection, NIJ Guide 602-00, Paulter, Nicholas G., February 2001, 66 pages, NCJ 184432. Improved Analysis of DNA Short Tandem Repeats With Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Butler, John M., and Christopher H. Becker, Science and Technology Research Report, October 2001, 54 pages, NCJ 188292. An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 101-00, National Institute of Justice, December 2001, 46 pages, NCJ 190747. 1999 Survey of Forensic Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, March 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187237. Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Chan, Theodore C., Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden, and Tom Neuman, Research in Brief, November 2001, 13 pages, NCJ 188069. Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data, Wartell, Julie, and J. Thomas McEwen, Research Report, July 2001, 66 pages, NCJ 188739. Trace Detection of Narcotics Using a Preconcentrator/Ion Mobility Spectrometer System, Parmeter, John E., and Gary A. Eiceman, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, April 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 187111. Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, National Institute of Justice and Office for Victims of Crime, Brochure, May 2001, 8 pages, BC 000657. Users' Guide for Hand-Held and Walk-Through Metal Detectors, Paulter, Nicholas G., Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, January 2001, 56 pages, NCJ 184433. Victims Documenting Domestic Violence: How Health Care Providers Can Help Victims, Isaac, Nancy E., and V. Pualani Enos, Research in Brief, October 2001, 10 pages, NCJ 188564. The Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the Spouse Assault Replication Program, Maxwell, Christopher D., Joel H. Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, Research in Brief, July 2001, 22 pages, NCJ 188199. Results From an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Davis, Robert C., and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Research in Brief, September 2001, 12 pages, NCJ 188675. Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, National Institute of Justice and Office for Victims of Crime, Brochure, May 2001, 8 pages, BC 000657. An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Widom, Cathy S., and Michael G. Maxfield, Research in Brief, March 2001, 14 pages, NCJ 184894. Other Crime and Justice, A Review of Research (volume 28), published by the University of Chicago Press, Journals Division, with support from NIJ. Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series, Volume 4, Zimring, Franklin, Richard B. Freeman, William A. Vega, Lawrence W. Sherman, and Heather B. Weiss, Research Forum, March 2001, 135 pages, NCJ 184245. NIJ Journal October 2000, Cover Story: "Getting to Know Neighborhoods," by G. Thomas Kingsley and Kathryn L.S. Pettit, 40 pages, JR 000245. January 2001, Cover Story: "Policing on American Indian Reservations," by Stewart Wakeling, Miriam Jorgensen, and Susan Michaelson, 40 pages, JR 000246. April 2001, Cover Story: "Challenging the Russian Mafia Mystique," by James O. Finckenauer and Elin Waring, 28 pages, JR 000247. Solicitations for Research and Evaluation Application for FRENZY Conference and Expo Support, January 2001. Communications Interoperability and Information Sharing Technologies (AGILE R&D) Solicitation, June 2001, 14 pages. COMPASS: Research Partner for Milwaukee COMPASS, Request for Proposals, March 2001. Context and Consequences of Mutual Intimate Partner Violence, March 2001, 10 pages, SL 000474. Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support, Solicitation for the Implementation of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Field Tests-- Corrections Field Tests, January 2001. Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support, Solicitation for the Implementation of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Field Tests--Law Enforcement Field Tests, January 2001. Crime and Justice Research and Evaluation: American Indian and Alaska Native Issues, January 2001, 14 pages, SL 000455. Data Resources Program: Funding for the Analysis of Existing Data, August 2000, 10 pages, SL 000437. Examining Minority Trust and Confidence in the Police, November 2000, 9 pages, SL 000448. Graduate Research Fellowship Program: Tomorrow's Research Community, 4 pages, NCJ 172869. NIJ School Safety Web-Based Curriculum Solicitation, June 2001, 10 pages. NIJ "Smart Gun" Solicitation, June 2001, 13 pages. Office of Research and Evaluation 2001 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research, September 2000, 13 pages, SL 000442. Request for Applications for Reentry Courts Process Evaluation, January 2001, 21 pages. Solicitation for Convicted Offender DNA Backlog Reduction Program (FY 2001), March 2001, 22 pages, SL 000472. Solicitation for a Demonstration/Evaluation of the Utility of ATF's Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative, March 2001, 13 pages, SL 000473. Solicitation for Forensic DNA Research and Development, FY 2001, February 2001, 10 pages, SL 000461. Solicitation for General Forensic Research and Development for FY 2001, June 2001, 12 pages. Solicitation for a Research Partner for the East Valley, California, COMPASS Initiative, April 2001. Trafficking in Persons in the U.S., June 2001, 10 pages. W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program: NIJ Residential Research Opportunity, November 2000, 12 pages, SL 000450. NIJ Annual Report 2000 Annual Report to Congress, August 2001, 50 pages, NCJ 189105. Catalogs of Publications NCJRS Catalog #55, November/December 2000, 20 pages, BC 000279. NCJRS Catalog #56, January/February 2001, 20 pages, BC 000280. NCJRS Catalog #57, March/April 2001, 20 pages, BC 000281. NCJRS Catalog #58, May/June 2001, 24 pages, BC 000282. NCJRS Catalog #59, July/August 2001, 20 pages, BC 000283. NCJRS Catalog #60, September/October 2001, 20 pages, BC 000284. ------------------ Appendix E: Key Conferences Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, "Enhancing Policy and Practice," July 22-25, 2001, Washington, D.C. In 2001, NIJ's primary annual conference focused on how research can help shape policy and practice. Attendance topped 900. Fifth Annual International Crime Mapping Conference, "Translating Spatial Research Into Practice," December 1-4, 2001, Dallas, Texas. The 2001 conference featured 500 participants representing more than a dozen countries. Fifth Annual Mock Prison Riot, April 29-May 3, 2001, Moundsville, West Virginia. This annual event, which takes place in a former maximum security correctional facility, is designed to demonstrate corrections technologies through realistic simulations. The 2001 event included 1,350 attendees representing 35 States and 7 countries; 77 technologies were showcased. Fourth National Workshop on Sentencing and Corrections Challenges, May 31-June 1, 2001, Jacksonville, Florida. More than 200 attendees from 42 States attended this workshop. Topics included DNA issues in sentencing and corrections, offender reentry, juvenile offenders, restorative justice, sex offender management, and the reinvention of probation and parole. National Conference on Science and the Law, October 4-6, 2001, Miami, Florida. Designed to explore the role of science and scientists in the criminal justice system. Nearly 200 attended. ------------------------------ The National Institute of Justice is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice and is solely dedicated to researching crime control and justice issues. NIJ provides objective, independent, nonpartisan, evidence-based knowledge and tools to meet the challenges of crime and justice, particularly at the State and local levels. The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. Photo Sources: GettyImages and PictureQuest. NCJ 195076