Title: Solicitation for Research on Sexual Violence FY 2002 Series: Solicitation Author: National Institute of Justice Published: July 2001 Subject: Grants and funding 15 pages 30,000 bytes ------------------------------ Figures, charts, forms, and tables are not included in this ASCII plain-text file. To view this document in its entirety, download the Adobe Acrobat graphic file available from this Web site or order a print copy from NCJRS at 800-851-3420 (877-712-9279 for TTY users). ------------------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice Solicitation July 2001 Solicitation for Research on Sexual Violence FY 2002 APPLICATION DEADLINE: January 4, 2002 ------------------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 John D. Ashcroft Attorney General For grant and funding information, contact: Department of Justice Response Center 800-421-6770 Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij ------------------------------ Solicitation for Research on Sexual Violence - FY 2002 I. Introduction The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is soliciting proposals for research on the sexual assault of women age 12 and older by strangers and non-strangers. Areas of interest include the effects of criminal justice reforms in the area of sexual assault; perpetrators' selection of victims; and the prevalence and incidence of sexual assault in specific understudied populations. NIJ anticipates awarding up to four grants with a funding total of up to $1,000,000. NIJ is interested in funding studies with an experimental approach, where appropriate. The use of suitable comparison/control groups, follow-up data collection to assess intermediate to long-term outcomes, and measures of behavioral, as well as attitudinal and knowledge changes, are encouraged where feasible. Other approaches may also be appropriate and will be considered on the merit of the study design and projected utility of the results. II. Background The National Violence Against Women Survey found that 1 of 6 U.S. women and 1 of 33 U.S. men have been the victims of a completed or attempted sexual assault.[1] Sexual assault affects a substantial number of people directly and indirectly and the consequences of this crime may be severe in personal, social, and economic terms. Nonetheless, there is less empirical research about the true frequency and consequences of sexual assault than about other crimes. This solicitation aims to begin to fill in gaps in the existing knowledge base by targeting three important areas for new research. Letters of Intent NIJ is streamlining its process to accommodate the volume or proposals anticipated under this and other solicitations. Researchers can help in a significant way by sending NIJ a nonbinding letter of intent by November 29, 2001. The Institute will use these letters to forecast the number of peer panels it needs and to identify conflicts of interest among potential reviewers. There are two ways to send these letters. You can reach NIJ by Internet by sending e-mail to tellnij@ncjrs.org and identifying the solicitation and the section(s) you expect to apply for. You can also send a letter with the same information to Office of Research and Evaluation, Solicitation for Research on Sexual Violence, National Institute of Justice, 810 7th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20531. III. Areas of Research Required Part A: Innovations in the Criminal Justice System Background Since the 1960s, there have been substantial evidentiary and procedural reforms in the prosecution of sexual assault cases. These changes were implemented with the intention of holding offenders accountable, educating the public about sexual assault, and reducing the emotional toll of the court process on victims.[2] Such reforms have included: modification of rape laws to include all types of sexual penetration and gender-neutral language; elimination of the requirements for physical resistance and corroboration; replacement of the single crime code of rape with a series of graded offenses such as those used for other kinds of assault, homicide, and property crimes; development of medical evidence collection protocols that meet legal requirements and availability of reimbursement or state funds to pay for forensic examinations; the criminalization of marital rape; enactment of rape shield laws; provision of court-based advocacy services for victims; criminalization of the use of "date rape" drugs; and the creation of special prosecution units. Many of these reforms were met with skepticism or active resistance from opponents, who argued that reforms were either unconstitutional or unfair to defendants.[3] The constitutionality of rape shield laws[4] and the admissibility of evidence in testimony by specially-trained Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANE) are examples of ongoing and relatively recent controversies centered around reform of sexual assault laws.[5] Some victim advocates, on the other hand, have criticized rape law reform as "symbolic rather than instrumental."[6] Despite the active controversy about their application and constitutionality, there have been few rigorous studies of the impact of criminal justice reforms on outcomes for victims of sexual assault, defendants, and offenders. Studies of the impact of rape law reform have been of varying quality and have provided no clear indication that reform of sexual assault laws consistently enhances outcomes for victims. In one NIJ-funded study of 6,000 rape cases filed in the Cook County, Illinois Circuit Court from 1970 to 1985, Spohn and Horney (1990) found judicial reforms did not lead to expected outcomes such as an increase in the proportion of rapes that are reported to authorities or the frequency of arrest, prosecution, and conviction.[7] In a similar study of 835 sexual assault cases bound over for trial in Detroit from 1970 to 1984, Spohn and Horney (1993) found no differences in rape case outcomes pre-reform to post-reform.[8] An analysis of state rape reporting rates pre-reform (1971-1973) and post-reform (1987-1989) conducted by Berger et al. (1994) suggest that police reports of rape and arrest are largely unrelated to rape law reform.[9] Results from Canada reported by Schissel (1996) mirror these findings from the U.S.[10] Some researchers have identified beneficial impacts of rape law reform. Bachman and Paternoster (1993) compared changes in rates of rape reporting, conviction, and imprisonment to robbery and aggravated assault for pre-rape law reform and post-rape law reform periods and concluded rape law reform did not have a substantial effect on disposition.[11] However, they did find that post-reform perpetrators convicted of sexual assault were more likely to be sentenced to prison and that rapes committed by non-strangers were treated similarly to rapes committed by strangers in the criminal justice system in the post-reform period. Bachman and Smith (1994) found increases in conviction and incarceration rates of offenders at the national level and in three states post-reform.[12] Byrne et al. (1999) reported that a sample of 284 female victims of sexual and physical assaults were significantly less satisfied with their criminal justice system experiences in states where victim protections were relatively weak compared to complainants in states with stronger victim protections.[13] Bryden and Lengnick (1997) found little evidence that changes in legal rules affect case outcomes,[14] although they posited that rape law reform may affect public opinion in such a way that more rapes are reported to authorities. Unintended consequences of rape law reform, positive and negative, should be investigated. Other researchers have looked beyond statutory reform to focus on competing contextual factors that may affect case disposition. Frohmann (1998) argues that individual prosecutors' access to system resources and personal strategies for working with victims have far greater impact on case disposition than rape law reform.[15] In an analysis of National Crime Victimization Survey data, Bachman (1998) concluded that only physical injuries incurred by the victim during the assault and use of a weapon by the offender influenced a victim's decision to report an assault to the police.[16] Findings from both of these studies have implications for the potential efficacy of rape law reform. Research Issues Proposed studies should examine the context, implementation, and impact of criminal justice reforms. Consideration should be given to one or more of the following issues, or any other relevant issues: o Identification of appropriate outcomes in determining the impact of rape law reform. o Impact of evidentiary and statutory reforms in the processing and disposition of criminal sexual assault cases. o Impact of evidentiary and statutory reforms on community perceptions (and the perceptions of potential jurors) of the nature and consequences of sexual assault. o Impact of evidentiary and statutory reforms on court room participants including the perceptions and behavior of judges and juries. o The court's approach to addressing repeat offenders. o Impact of medical evidence in case disposition. o Identification of any discernible difference in the impact of rape law reform on stranger versus non-stranger assault cases. o The effect of rape law reforms on legal strategies used by the defense. o The effect of DNA evidence and "cold hits" from state DNA databases on the course and outcome of sexual assault cases and on the provision of services to victims. o Evaluation of criminal justice system-based advocacy services and witness protection services for sexual assault victims. o Evaluation of special prosecution units for sexual assault, including an analysis of how many and what kinds of cases are accepted for prosecution pre- and post-reform and case outcomes. Part B: Preventing Sexual Assault by Understanding the Context of Sexual Violence Background While responsibility for any sexual assault always rests with the perpetrator, an understanding of risk factors for committing or being the victim of sexual violence can inform prevention efforts. For example, research has identified static and dynamic characteristics common to some groups of sexual assault perpetrators.[17] These risk factors include adherence to rigid gender stereotypes, childhood victimization, anger problems, attachment deficits, lack of empathy, deficient social skills, sexual incompetence, psychopathology including deviant sexual arousal patterns, exposure to patriarchal social constructs devaluing female autonomy, and peer/social support for rape.[18] Research has also begun to explore factors that may lead perpetrators to assault particular victims. Some factors that have been examined as possible risk markers for victimization include psychopathology (including substance abuse), poverty, disability status, age, routine activities, and other variables.[19] National studies of American women have identified past victimization as an important predictor of a woman's risk of being re-assaulted.[20] Women's relationships with perpetrators may also put them at risk for assault and re-assault. The National Violence Against Women survey found that 7.7% of women have been sexually assaulted by an intimate partner in their lifetime.[21] More research is needed on the dynamics of sexual assault within intimate relationships. There may also be individual or community protective factors that serve to decrease the risk of assault or re-assault, or of offending or re-offending. Research is needed to explore this hypothesis and to identify such protective factors, if any exist. Research Issues Proposed studies should examine the context of sexual violence, including whether identification of risk factors for assault or re-assault or offending or re-offending can be used to create effective prevention programs targeting both men and women. Spatial analysis of locations where victims are approached or where assaults occur and other contextual factors may be appropriate. Consideration should be given to one or more of the following issues, or any other relevant issue: o What is the prevalence of coincidence of risk markers identified in the literature among sexual assault survivors? Are there other important contextual factors? o What is the prevalence of coincidence of risk markers identified in the literature among sexual assault perpetrators? Are there other important contextual factors? o What is the temporal relationship between these risk markers and sexual assault? o How effective are sexual assault prevention programs targeted to men? o What is the prevalence of sexual assault within intimate relationships? What services are available to women who have been sexually assaulted by their partners? o Are there any individual or community protective factors that decrease an individual's risk of being assaulted or re-assaulted? How do these protective factors operate? o Are there any individual or community protective factors that decrease a perpetrator's likelihood for re-offending? How do these protective factors operate? Part C: Sexual Violence in Specific Populations Background The number of sexual assaults reported by victims of specific racial and ethnic populations varies. For example, the National Violence Against Women Survey found that nearly 18% of white women are sexually assaulted during their lifetimes, compared to 7% of Asian/Pacific Islander women. The reporting rate of sexual assault of American Indian/Alaska Native women is well above other ethnic groups and nearly twice the national average.[22,23] In contrast, sexual assault reporting from communities of South East Asian immigrants in the U.S. is very low.[24] What factors explain these differences in reporting rates among specific populations? More research is needed on community risk and protective factors for sexual assault that vary across ethnic/racial populations and other distinct populations, which might include women in institutional settings or women with disabilities. Interventions designed for use with victims from specific populations need to be evaluated. Research Issues Proposed studies should examine the prevalence and incidence of sexual violence within specific populations. Consideration should be given to one or more of the following issues, or any other relevant issues: o What demographic, social, and environmental factors increase or decrease the risk of assault for women who identify with specific racial and ethnic groups? o If differential reporting rates for sexual assault among racial/ethnic groups reflects a lower rate of assault, what individual and/or community protective factors contribute to this phenomenon? o What barriers, including legal barriers, are faced by women who live in Indian Country? o What prevention and treatment interventions produce the best outcomes with women who identify with a specific racial/ethnic group? IV. How to Apply Those interested in submitting proposals in response to this solicitation must complete the required application forms and submit related required documents. (See below for how to obtain application forms and guides for completing proposals.) Applicants must include the following information/forms to quality for consideration: o Standard Form (SF) 424--application for Federal assistance o Geographic Areas Affected Worksheet o Assurances o Certifications Regarding Lobbying, Debarment, Suspension, and Other Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements (one form) o Disclosure of Lobbying Activities o Budget Detail Worksheet o Budget Narrative o Negotiated indirect rate agreement (if appropriate) o Names and affiliations of all key persons from applicant and subcontractor(s), advisors, consultants, and advisory board members. Include name of principal investigator, title, organizational affiliation (if any), department (if institution of higher education), address, phone, and fax o Proposal abstract o Table of contents o Program narrative or technical proposal o Privacy certificate o Form 310 (Protection of Human Subjects Assurance Identification/ Certification/ Declaration) o Environmental Assessment (if required) o References o Letters of cooperation from organizations collaborating in the research project o Resumes o Appendixes, if any (e.g., list of previous NIJ awards, their status, and products [in NIJ or other publications]) Confidentiality of information and human subjects protection. NIJ has adopted new policies and procedures regarding the confidentiality of information and human subjects protection. Please see Guidelines for Submitting Proposals for National Institute of Justice-Sponsored Research for details on the new requirements. Proposal abstract. The proposal abstract, when read separately from the rest of the application, is meant to serve as a succinct and accurate description of the proposed work. Applicants must concisely describe the research goals and objectives, research design, and methods for achieving the goals and objectives. Summaries of past accomplishments are to be avoided, and proprietary/confidential information is not to be included. Length is not to exceed 400 words. Use the following two headers: Project Goals and Objectives: Proposed Research Design and Methodology: Page limit. The number of pages in the "Program Narrative" part of the proposal must not exceed 30 (double-spaced pages), no matter the amount of funding requested. Due date. Letters of intent must be received at NIJ by November 29, 2001. Completed proposals must be received at the National Institute of Justice by the close of business on January 4, 2002. Extensions of this deadline will not be permitted. Award period. In general, NIJ limits its grants and cooperative agreements to a maximum period of 12 or 24 months. However, longer budget periods may be considered. Number of awards. NIJ anticipates supporting up to four grants under this solicitation. Award amount. Awards totaling $1,000,000 will be made available for this NIJ solicitation. Applying. Two packets need to be obtained: (1) application forms (including a sample budget worksheet) and (2) guidelines for submitting proposals (including requirements for proposal writers and requirements for grant recipients). To receive them, applicants can: o Access the NIJ Web site on the Web: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/funding.htm or the Justice Information Center http://www.ncjrs.org/fedgrant.htm#nij. These Web sites offer the NIJ application forms and guidelines as electronic files that may be downloaded to a personal computer. o Request hard copies of the forms and guidelines by mail from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at 800-851-3420 or from the Department of Justice Response Center at 800-421-6770 (in the Washington, D.C., area, at 202-307-1480). o Request copies by fax. Call 800-851-3420 and select option 1, then option 1 again for NIJ. Code is 1023. Guidance and information. Applicants who wish to receive additional guidance and information may contact the U.S. Department of Justice Response Center at 800-421-6770. Center staff can provide assistance or refer applicants to an appropriate NIJ professional. Applicants may, for example, wish to discuss their prospective research topics with the NIJ professional staff. Send completed forms to: Solicitation for Research on Sexual Violence FY 2002 National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 [overnight courier ZIP code 20001] This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or criminal. SL 000489 ------------------------------ Notes 1. Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N., 2000, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women. NCJ 183781. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice. 2. In this solicitation "rape law reform" and "sexual assault law reform" are used interchangeably. 3. Lord, V.B., and Rassel, G., 2000, Law Enforcement's Response to Sexual Assault: A Comparative Study of Nine Counties in North Carolina. Women and Criminal Justice, Vol 11, pp 67-88. 4. Haxton, D., 1985, Rape Shield Statutes: Constitutional Despite Unconstitutional Exclusions of Evidence. Wisconsin Law Review, pp 1219-1272. Call, J.E., Nice, D., and Talarico, S.M., 1991, An Analysis of State Rape Shield Laws. Social Science Quarterly, Vol 72, pp 774-788. Soshnick, A.Z., 1987, The Rape Shield Paradox: Complainant Protection Amidst Oscillating Trend s of Judicial Interpretation. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol 78, pp 644-698. Brown, N.J., 1981, The Illinois Rape Shield Statute: Will It Withstand Constitutional Attack. University of Illinois Law Review, Vol 1981, pp 211-240. Spohn, C., and Horney, J., 1991, "The Laws the Law, But Fair is Fair:" Rape Shield Laws and Officials' Assessments of Sexual History Evidence. Criminology, Vol 29, pp 137-161. 5. In several states circuit and appeals courts have handed down opinions on the admissibility of the testimony of SANEs as expert witnesses. See for example: Holmes v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 1995 WL 619753 (VA. App.)(1995).); Velasquez v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 2001 WL 290999 at 2, (VA. App.)(2001); Griffen v. State, 243 Ga. App. 282, 31 S.E.2d 175, 00 FCDR 1419 Ga. App. Mar 14, 2000; People v. Hicks, 7 Cal. Rptr.2d 166 (1992); Hussen v. Commonwealth, 257 Va. 93,511 S.E.2d 106, 10 (1999); Gonzales v. The State of Texas, 1991 WL 6706 (Tex. App-Hous. (14 Dist.)). 6. Kingsnorth, R.F., MacIntosh, R.C., and Wentworth, J., 1999, Sexual Assault: The Role of Prior Relationship and Victim Characteristics in Case Processing. Justice Quarterly, Vol 16, pp 275-302. 7. Spohn, C., and Horney, J., 1990, A Case of Unrealistic Expectations: The Impact of Rape Reform Legislation in Illinois. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol 4, pp 1-18. 8. Spohn, C., and Horney, J., 1993, Rape Law Reform and the Effect of Victim Characteristics on Case Processing Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol 9, pp 383-409. 9. Berger, R.J., Neuman, W.L., and Searles, P., 1994, The Impact of Rape Law Reform: An Aggregate Analysis of Police Reports and Arrests. Criminal Justice Review, Vol 19, pp 1-23. 10. Schissel, B., 1996, Law Reform and Social Change: A Time-Series Analysis of Sexual Assault in Canada. Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol 24, pp 123-138. 11. Bachman, R., and Paternoster, R., 1993, A Contemporary Look at the Effects of Rape Law Reform: How Far Have We Really Come? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol 84, pp 554-574. 12. Bachman, R., and Smith, P., 1994, The Adjudication of Rape Since Reforms: Examining the Probability of Conviction and Incarceration at the National and Three State Levels. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol 6, pp 342-358. 13. Byrne, C.A., Kilpatrick, D.G., Howley, S.S., and Beatty, D., 1999, Female Victims of Partner Versus Nonpartner Violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 26, pp. 275-292. 14. Bryden, D.P., and Lengnick, S. 1997, Rape in the Criminal Justice System. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol 87, pp 1385-1429. 15. Frohmann, L., 1998, Constituting Power in Sexual Assault Cases: Prosecutorial Strategies for Victim Management. Social Problems, Vol 45, pp 393-407. 16. Bachman, R., 1998, The Factors Related to Rape Reporting Behavior and Arrest: New Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 25, pp 8-29. 17. Lee, J.K., Pattison, P., Jackson, H.J., and Ward, T., 2001, The General, Common, and Specific Features of Psychopathology for Different Types of Paraphilias. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 28, pp 227-256. Marshall, W.L., 1996, Assessment, Treatment, and Theorizing about Sex Offenders: Developments Over the Past 20 Years and Future Directions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 23, pp 162-199. Groth, N.A., 1979, Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York: Plenum Press. Marshall, W.L., 1989, Intimacy, Loneliness, and Sexual Offenders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol 27, pp 491-503. Ward, T., Hudson, S., Marshall, W.L., and Siegert, R., 1995, Attachment Style and Intimacy Deficiencies in Sexual Offenders: A Theoretical Framework. Sexual Abuse Journal of Research and Treatment, Vol 7, pp 317-335. Seto, M.C., Maric, A., and Barbaree, H.E., 2001, The Role of Pornography in the Etiology of Sexual Aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol 6, pp 35-53. 18. Lee, J.K., Pattison, P., Jackson, H.J., and Ward, T., 2001, The General, Common, and Specific Features of Psychopathology for Different Types of Paraphilias. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 28, pp 227-256. Marshall, W.L., 1996, Assessment, Treatment, and Theorizing about Sex Offenders: Developments Over the Past 20 Years and Future Directions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 23, pp 162-199. Groth, N.A., 1979, Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York: Plenum Press. Marshall, W.L., 1989, Intimacy, Loneliness, and Sexual Offenders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol 27, pp 491-503. Ward, T., Hudson, S., Marshall, W.L., and Siegrt, R., 1995, Attachment Style and Intimacy Deficiencies in Sexual Offenders: A Theoretical Framework. Sexual Abuse Journal of Research and Treatment, Vol 7, pp 317-335. Seto, M.C., Maric, A., and Barbaree, H.E., 2001, The Role of Pornography in the Etiology of Sexual Aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol 6, pp 35-53. Schwartz, M.D., and DeKeseredy, W.S., 1997, Sexual Assault on the College Campus: The Role of Male Peer Support. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Schwartz, M.D., and Nogrady, C.A., 1996, Fraternity Membership, Rape Myths, and Sexual Aggression on a College Campus. Violence Against Women, Vol 2, pp. 148-162. 19. Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P., and Peterson, E., 1991, Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol 48, pp 216-222. Burnam, M.A., Stein, J.A., Golding, J.M., Siegel, J.M., Sorsenson, S.B., Forsythe, A.B., and Telles, C.A., 1988, Sexual Assault and Mental Disorders in a Community Population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 56, pp 843-850. Kilpatrick, D.G., Edmunds, C.N., and Seymour, A.K., 1992, Rape in America: A Report to the Nation. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press. Black, D.A., Heyman, R.E., and Slep, A.S., 2001, Risk Factors for Male-to-Female Partner Sexual Abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol 6, pp. 269-280. Kilpatrick, D.G., Resnick, H.S. Saunders, B.E., and Best, C.L., 1998, "Rape, Other Violence Against Women and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Critical Issues in Assessing the Adversity-Stress-Psychopathology Relationship." In B.P. Dohrenwend (ed.), Adversity, Stress, and Psychopathology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. Reiss, A.J., and Roth, J.A., 1993, Understanding and Preventing Violence. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Bachar, K., and Koss, M.P., 2001, From Prevalence to Prevention: Closing the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do. Pp 117-142 in Sourcebook on Violence Against Women, Renzetti, C.M., Edleson, J.L., and Bergen, R.K. (eds.), Thousand Oaks: Sage. Schwartz, M.D. and Pitts, V.L., 1995, Exploring a Feminist Routine Activities Approach to Explaining Sexual Assault Justice Quarterly, Vol 12, pp. 9-31. Maume, D.J., 1989, Inequality and Metropolitan Rape Rates: A Routine Activity Approach. Justice Quarterly, Vol 6, pp. 513-528. 20. Acorn, R., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D.L., Saunders, B., and Best, C.L., 1999, Risk Factors for Rape, Physical Assault, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women: Examination of Differential Multivariate Relationships. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Vol 13, pp 541-563. Gidycz, C.A., Coble, C.N., Latham, L., and Layman, M.J., 1993, A Sexual Assault Experience in Adulthood and Priori Victimization Experiences: A Prospective Analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol 17, pp 151- 168. 21. Tjaden, P. , and Thoennes, N., 2000, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice. 22. Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N., 2000, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women. NCJ 183781. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. 23. Note that most sexual assaults of Native American women are perpetrated by offenders who are not themselves Native Americans. 24. Dasgupta, S.D., 1991, Violence Against South Asian Women. Violence Against Women, Vol 5, pp 587-699. ------------------------------ For more information on the National Institute of Justice, please contact: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000 800-851-3420 e-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org You can view or obtain an electronic version of this document from the NCJRS Justice Information Center web site (http://www.ncjrs.org) or he NIJ web site (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij). If you have any questions, call or e-mail NCJRS.