Title: W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program: NIJ Research Opportunity
Series: NIJ Solicitation
Author: NIJ
Published: September 2002
Subject: Funding resources
17 pages
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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice

Solicitation
Sarah V. Hart, Director
September 2002

W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program

NIJ Research Opportunity

Notice: NIJ continues to experience delays in delivery of U.S. mail. If you
are sending time-sensitive materials to NIJ, and in particular proposals
responding to NIJ solicitations, we recommend that you use an alternative
to the U.S. Postal Service. For delivery by commercial carriers and courier
services, our zip code is 20001.

APPLICATION DEADLINE:
February 3, 2003

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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
810 Seventh Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20531

John Ashcroft
Attorney General

Deborah J. Daniels
Assistant Attorney General

Sarah V. Hart
Director
 National Institute of Justice

For grant and funding information, contact:
Department of Justice Response Center
800-421-6770

Office of Justice Programs
World Wide Web Site:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov

National Institute of Justice
World Wide Web Site:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

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Biography

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) was one of the foremost early leaders in the
struggle for racial equality in the United States. A founder of the NAACP,
he was a scholar as well as an activist; his book "The Souls of Black Folk"
is a classic exposition of "the meaning of being black." As a social
scientist, DuBois used the objective method of his profession to challenge
discriminatory ideologies and institutions and advocate social change. His
classic study "The Philadelphia Negro," published in 1899, was a
groundbreaking sociological study of that city's black community, one of
the first research projects to combine urban ethnography, social history,
and descriptive statistics. DuBois challenged black people to pursue higher
education and become involved in the political process. 
W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program

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I. Introduction & Background

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) supports the investigation, analysis,
and development of innovative approaches that enhance justice and
advance public policy decisionmaking on issues related to crime, violence,
and the administration of justice. Recognizing the dynamic influence of
community factors on these issues, NIJ includes in its research portfolio a
body of work that explores diverse perspectives addressing criminal
justice research questions. The W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program seeks
to advance the field of knowledge regarding the confluence of crime,
justice, and culture in various societal contexts. DuBois Fellows will be
asked to focus on these policy-relevant questions in a manner that truly
reflects their saliency as an integral part of the American past, present,
and, increasingly, its future.

The DuBois Fellowship complements NIJ's other fellowship programs and
provides talented researchers early in their career with the opportunity to
elevate independently generated research and ideas to the level of national
discussion. DuBois Fellows will contribute to NIJ's national criminal
justice research program by studying topics of mutual interest to the
Fellow and the Institute. Researchers from all academic disciplines are
encouraged to apply. Because of the focus of this Fellowship, NIJ strongly
encourages applications from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Fellows are encouraged to spend a period of residence at NIJ and prepare
reports suitable for publication by NIJ that summarize the results and
policy implications of their research. NIJ will negotiate specific products
with Fellows during the pre-award period. Fellows also may be asked to:

o Participate in developing plans for nationally significant criminal justice
research programs relating to the Fellow's proposed research and field of
expertise.

o Interact with Institute staff and other Fellows.

o Develop and make presentations to inform and involve the Institute's
research and development community and program partners in discussion
and interpretation of research findings and policy implications.

o Assist NIJ in the development of informational materials for new or
current projects.

The DuBois Fellowship places particular emphasis on crime, violence, and
the administration of justice in diverse cultural contexts. Therefore,
researchers may choose from, but are not limited to, the following list of
broad topic areas:

Law enforcement/policing: identify ways that police and law enforcement
agencies can improve their effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity;
enhance officer safety while minimizing unnecessary risks to suspects and
others; improve the ability of police organizations to collect, analyze,
disseminate, and use information effectively and to communicate reliably
and securely; identify procedures, policies, technologies, and basic
knowledge that will maximize appropriate and lawful police actions;
enhance local investigative resources by identifying and disseminating
investigative best practices and by developing technologies and techniques
that help locate suspects and establish guilt.

Justice systems (sentencing, courts, prosecution, defense): develop a
sophisticated understanding about trial court organization, structure, and
leadership to improve the fairness, effectiveness, and efficiency of trial
courts; evaluate specialized courts and specialized prosecution strategies;
create knowledge about sentencing strategies, plea bargaining, time
served, and specialty courts so that the public is protected, offender
criminality is reduced, and system costs are most effectively managed;
evaluate court services for litigants and other participants with special
needs; improve understanding of how the introduction of new,
sophisticated scientific evidence into court systems is affecting the system.

Corrections: create knowledge and develop technologies on how prisons,
jails, and community corrections can be better managed to provide safe,
secure, and cost-effective operations; create knowledge on how best to
assess and manage special offender populations in prisons, jails, and in the
community; develop effective treatment/intervention strategies that
enhance public safety by maximizing the successful reentry of offenders
into communities.

Investigative and forensic sciences, including DNA: develop DNA and
forensic technologies, tools, and information that reliably and timely
identify criminal offenders; validate and demonstrate the effectiveness
and reliability of existing forensic sciences techniques for use in the
criminal justice system; develop strategies to enhance the capacities of
State and local governments to effectively use forensic evidence to solve
crimes.

Counterterrorism/critical incidents: synthesize existing knowledge about
terrorist groups, their structures, motives, finances, and similar elements;
develop knowledge and tools that help prevent, deter, or apprehend
terrorists, including improving intelligence gathering, information sharing,
risk assessment, target hardening, surveillance, and detection; improve the
tools and techniques available to first responders in a critical incident;
evaluate and refine technologies, practices, and procedures to minimize
harm to persons, property, and communities from terrorism.

Crime prevention/causes of crime: increase the practical knowledge of
those factors (individual, peer, community, and societal) that may lead to
delinquent/criminal behavior; develop knowledge of programs,
interventions, and strategies that prevent crime by at-risk populations;
improve the ability to prevent crime in specific contexts, including
schools, using selected physical design, access control strategies, and
technologies; develop knowledge relevant to community-based and faith-
based approaches that prevent crime; improve the understanding of
deterrence mechanisms that prevent crime.

Violence and victimization, including violent crimes: develop knowledge
of strategies to prevent sexual assaults and victimization of children;
develop knowledge of practical approaches to reduce domestic/intimate
partner violence; identify ways to prevent repeat victimization; expand
knowledge on nature of white collar crime, identity theft, and elder fraud
and strategies to prevent victimization; develop practical knowledge of
approaches to reduce community violence; evaluate policies and
interventions to address crime victims' needs.

Drugs, alcohol and crime: increase understanding of relationships between
drugs, alcohol, and crime; identify ways to disrupt/deter drug markets and
drug sales; develop strategies to prevent or detect drug or alcohol-related
crime; evaluate strategies to reduce drug dependency among offenders,
including drug courts and drug treatment in correctional settings.

Interoperability, spatial information and auto-mated systems: develop and
demonstrate advanced interoperability communications and information-
sharing technologies for public safety; identify and develop open
architecture standards for voice, data, image, and video communication
systems for the public safety community; research, develop, and evaluate
spatial information systems--including their social, economic, and legal
impacts--that increase data sharing between agencies, integrate disparate
data sets, and enhance decisionmaking processes; develop and
demonstrate advanced technologies and standards for public safety
applications, including biometrics, smart sensing systems, data mining and
analysis, tools for learning, and command and control systems; develop
advanced technology tools and standards for State and local governments
to prevent and investigate electronic crime, leveraging the capabilities of
other agencies.

Program evaluation: develop the capacity to conduct cost-effectiveness
evaluations of criminal justice programs and technologies; improve the
quality and cost-effectiveness of NIJ evaluations; improve the utility of
evaluation results for policy, practice, and program development in part
through interim reporting and timely reporting of final results.

In addition to describing the substantive focus of the proposed research,
applicants should describe in detail the manner in which their work would
be conducted. Unlike other research grant proposals where a team of
researchers might undertake a large-scale project, a fellowship places an
emphasis on the activities and interactions of the principal scholar. The
fellowship should be comprised of activities linking the work of the
Fellow to NIJ, the Fellow's home institution, and colleagues at other
institutions.

There are several formats in which the work of an NIJ Research Fellow
can be conducted, and the precise contours of the fellowship depend on the
scholarship being proposed. An applicant may wish to propose a term of
residency at NIJ. A long-term residency (6-12 months) would be
particularly appropriate where the project requires extensive contact with
Federal agencies or other scholars in the Washington, D.C., area. Others
may propose a fellowship that includes only a limited residency at NIJ
(less than 6 months). In addition to work conducted at their home
institution, applicants may propose to spend part of their fellowship in
residency at another institution, working with a colleague or mentor, or
developing important new scholarly collaborations.

While the specific research activities proposed may vary, applicants
should incorporate the following elements into their work plan and budget:

o Fellowship grants are typically 12 months in duration. Each year, NIJ
attempts to complete the funding decision process so that awards may
begin during the summer months.

o The DuBois Fellowship program encourages a residency component.
Terms of the residency are flexible, but fellows should plan to be in
residence a minimum of 2 months, preferably at the beginning of their
fellowship. In addition, Fellows should plan to return briefly to NIJ near
the end of the fellowship for a presentation to NIJ staff and other relevant
agency partners on their work.

o Collaboration with other scholars during the fellowship, especially work
requiring a term of residency at another institution, should be documented
in the application by letters of support from colleagues and host
institutions.

o Applications should include plans for reports suitable for publication by
NIJ that present the results and policy implications of conducted research.

II. Selection Criteria

NIJ is firmly committed to a competitive process in making grant awards.
External peer review panelists consider both technical and programmatic
merits of a proposed topic. Successful applicants must demonstrate to an
independent peer review panel that: (1) the gap in knowledge they seek to
fill is critical to understanding crime and justice and is policy relevant; (2)
the proposed research design is rigorous and appropriate to posited
research questions; and, (3) the principal investigator is qualified to
execute the design within the proposed budget. Institute staff then make
recommendations to the NIJ Director based on the results of the
independent reviews. Final decisions are made by the NIJ Director after
consultation with Institute staff. Reviews of grant and fellowship
applications are based upon the following criteria:

o Impact of the Project

--Importance of the problem.

--Potential for significant advances in areas such as violence and
victimization, drugs and crime, crime prevention, law enforcement, courts,
and corrections.

--Potential for advancement of scientific understanding of the problem
area.

--Relevance to improving the policy and practice of criminal justice and
related agencies and for improving public safety, security, and quality of
life.

o Quality and Technical Merit

--Awareness of existing research.

--Soundness of methodology, analytics, or technical approach.

--Innovation and creativity, where appropriate.

--Feasibility of proposed project and awareness of pitfalls.

o Capabilities, Demonstrated Productivity, and Experience of Applicants

--Qualifications and experience of personnel to proposed project. 

--Demonstrated ability to manage proposed effort.

--Adequacy of proposed budget including time and personnel.

--Past performance on NIJ grants and contracts.

o Budget Considerations

--Total cost relative to perceived benefit.

--Budget appropriate to level of effort.

--Use of existing resources to conserve costs.

The review process (including peer review, decisionmaking, and other
considerations) may take up to 6 months to complete. Notices of award
and nonaward are distributed simultaneously about 180 days subsequent to
the closing date of a solicitation. Written notifications will be sent to the
address as indicated on the Application for Assistance. Information
regarding award status will not be available until notifications are
distributed.

III. How to Apply

Individuals interested in submitting proposals in response to this
solicitation must complete the required application forms and related
documents. Applicants must include all of the following information and
completed forms to qualify for consideration:

PART A:

o Application for Federal Assistance--Standard Form (SF 424).

o Proposal abstract.

o Table of contents.

o Budget Detail Worksheet.

o Budget narrative.

o Negotiated indirect rate agreement (if appropriate).

o Program narrative.

o References/bibliography.

o Names and affiliations of all key persons, including applicants and
subcontractor(s), advisors, consultants, and advisory board members.
Include name of principal investigator, title, organizational affiliation,
department (if institution of higher education), address, phone, fax, and e-
mail address.

o List all previous and current NIJ awards and grant numbers, including
information on final reports and other deliverables to NIJ (whether
submitted or outstanding) and a listing of all publications (by NIJ or other
publishers) resulting from each grant award.

PART B:

o Privacy certificate.

o Protection of Human Subjects Assurance
Identification/Certification/Declaration (Form 310).

o Environmental assessment (if required).

o Geographic Areas Affected Worksheet.

o Assurances.

o Certifications Regarding Lobbying, Debarment, Suspension, and Other
Responsibility Matters; and Drug-Free Workplace Requirements (one
form).

o Disclosure of Lobbying Activities.

o Appendixes:

--Letters of cooperation from organizations collaborating in the research
project.

--Vita/Resume.

--Other materials.

The Application Package is available at the NIJ Web site under the URL:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/funding_app.htm.

The Application for Assistance. The Standard Form 424 should be the first
page of the application. Please follow the instructions in completing the
Standard Application for Assistance Form.

In item 10 of the Application, be sure to include 16.566 as the Catalog for
Federal Domestic Assistance Number. Indicate the Title to be the "W.E.B.
DuBois Fellowship Program."

Enter the title of your proposal in item 11. Start and end dates in item 13
should be adjusted to accommodate the time involved with the grant-
making process.

The Proposal Abstract. The proposal abstract is a very important part of
the application. Along with the Topics Designation Form, the abstract is
used in sorting applications for review by the appropriate independent peer
panel. Once an award has been granted, the abstract is computerized and
serves as a summary available to all interested parties for the duration of
the grant. When read separately from the rest of the application, the
abstract should serve as a succinct and accurate description of the
proposed work. Applicants should concisely describe research goals and
objectives, research design, and methods for achieving the goals and
objectives. Length is not to exceed 400 words. Use the following two
headers and instructions in developing the abstract.

Research Goals and Objectives:

Statement of Purpose. State the problem under investigation including
goals and objectives of the proposed research project, and anticipated
relevance of the project to public policy and/or practice.

Research Subjects. If applicable, describe subjects who will be involved in
the proposed project including the number of participants, age, gender,
race/ethnicity, and other pertinent characteristics such as how you will
gain access to participants.

Proposed Research Design & Methodology:

Methods. Describe the research method and/or design including data to be
used in addressing research questions, data collection procedures and
instrumentation, access to data, and other methods or procedures unique to
the proposed study.

Data Analysis and Products. Describe proposed techniques for data
analysis and all expected products including interim and final reports,
instrumentation, and data to be archived under NIJ's Data Resource
Program.

The Program Narrative. The program narrative should provide information
and detail to adequately describe the proposed project and should include:

o Purpose, goals, and objectives.

o Review of relevant literature.

o Methodology.

o Anticipated results and products.

o Staff/research management plan.

o References. tables, charts, figures, and research time line (not within
page limit).

Page limit. The number of pages included in the "Program Narrative"
section of the application must not exceed thirty (30), double-spaced pages
in 12-point font, with 1-inch margins. Tables, charts, and figures
describing the research design, calendar, analysis plan, and similar items
are encouraged and will not be counted in the 30-page limitation.

Due date. Ten (10) copies (one unbound) of complete proposals must be
received at the National Institute of Justice by 4:30 p.m. on February 3,
2003. Extensions to this deadline are not permitted. Faxed or
electronically transmitted copies are not accepted. NIJ reserves the right to
return incomplete applications, those not responsive to the scope of this
solicitation, or those not complying with format requirements.

Names and affiliations of the author of the proposal should be clearly
identified. Proposals that are incorrectly collated, incomplete, or
handwritten may be considered as submitted or, at NIJ's discretion, may be
returned without further review. Proposals exceeding the page limit will
not be reviewed. No additions to the original submission are allowed.

Eligibility Requirements. NIJ awards grants and cooperative agreements to
educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, public agencies,
individuals, and profit-making organizations that agree to waive fees. For
this program, no indirect costs are allowable. To be eligible to receive an
award under the DuBois Fellowship program, an applicant must hold a
Ph.D. or other doctoral-level degree or a legal degree of J.D. or higher. As
this program has been developed for researchers early in their careers,
applicants must apply within 10 years after having received their advanced
degrees.

Award period. DuBois Fellowships usually last up to 12 months. A period
in residency and starting date are negotiable. Applicants should anticipate
a start date no sooner than 6 months after the application deadline.

Award amount. One award of approximately $75,000 will be made subject
to available funding. Funding allocations for this program are based on the
quality of the proposals received and the extent to which they relate to
ongoing research, evaluation, or science and technology priorities. Fellows
receive financial and logistical support from NIJ as well as access to the
abundant criminal justice resources of NIJ and the Nation's Capitol.

Allowable Expenses. Awards may cover salary, fringe benefits, reasonable
costs of relocation, travel essential to the project, and office expenses not
provided by NIJ (e.g., computers and research assistants). Applicants
should develop a reasonable budget to adequately cover costs associated
with the proposed projects. Indirect costs are limited to 20 percent under
the DuBois Fellowship Program.

Application Materials. Applicants should obtain two packets: (1)
application forms (including a sample budget worksheet); and, (2)
guidelines for submitting proposals (including requirements for proposal
writers and requirements for grant recipients). To receive them, applicants
can:

o Access the NIJ Web site and download application information at:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/funding.htm.

o Request hard copies of the forms and guidelines by mail from NCJRS at
800-851-3420 or from the Department of Justice Response Center at 800-
421-6770 (in the Washington, D.C., area at 202-307-1480).

o Request copies by fax. Call 800-851-3420 and select option 1, then
option 1 again for NIJ. Code is 1023.

Please note that instructions provided in this announcement supersede
those outlined in the document: Guidelines for Submitting Proposals for
National Institute of Justice-Sponsored Research.

IV. Performance Guidelines

To ensure compliance with the Government Performance and Results Act
(GPRA), Public Law 103-62, this solicitation notifies successful
applicants that they will be required to collect and report information and
data that measure the results of the grant. In order to ensure accountability,
the following performance standards are established for all NIJ grantees
under this solicitation.

Grantees should use plain English in writing funding proposals and all
grant products. (See 
http://www.plainlanguage.gov for assistance.) However, we recognize that
descriptions of research methodologies may necessarily involve some
technical information. The grantee should put this technical information in
context for the non-researcher.

Research & Evaluation Performance Standards

Grantees are required to submit in draft form the following deliverables
ninety (90) days before the grant end date:

Deliverables Required 90 Days Before the Grant End Date

o Abstract (400 words).

o Executive Summary (2,500 words).

o Research Report. 

o Electronic data and supporting documentation capable of being re-
analyzed and used by other researchers.

All NIJ draft research reports are peer reviewed upon submission. The
reviews are forwarded to the principal investigator with suggestions for
revisions. The principal investigator is then required to submit the revised
final report, abstract, executive summary, final data set, and codebook/data
dictionary by the end date of the grant. The abstract, executive summary,
and final report are to be submitted in both paper and electronic/diskette
versions. The data set and codebook/dictionary are also to be submitted in
electronic form.

Data sets must be received by the grant end date. Grant applicants should
ensure that the proposed time line and budget accommodate these
requirements.

In addition to the abstract, executive summary, research report, and data
set, grantees are required to submit financial status reports and progress
reports.

Other Required Reports

o Quarterly financial status reports (Standard Form 269-A).

o Final financial status report (Standard Form 269-A).

o Semiannual Categorical Assistance Progress Reports (OJP Form 4587).

o Final Categorical Assistance Progress Report (OJP Form 4587).

Financial Status Reports

Financial status reports (SF 269-A) are to be submitted quarterly no later
than 45 days following the end of each calendar quarter. Two copies of the
financial status report must be submitted to the Office of the Comptroller
every quarter during which the award is active even if there has been no
financial activity during the reporting period.

Additionally, a final financial report is due 120 days after the end date of
the award. Future awards and fund drawdowns will be withheld if
financial status reports are delinquent.

Progress Reports

Recipients of funding are also required to submit semiannual Categorical
Assistance Progress Reports (OJP Form 4587). Two copies of the progress
report must be submitted to the Office of the Comptroller twice a year
even if there has been no substantive activity during the reporting period.
The progress report should describe activities during the reporting period
and status or accomplishment of objectives as set forth in the approved
application for funding. For the duration of the award, progress reports
must be submitted within 30 days after the end of the reporting periods
(January 1 through June 30 and July 1 through December 31).

Additionally, a Final Progress Report providing a summary of
achievement of the goals and objectives of the award, significant results,
and any products developed under the award, is due 90 days after the end
date of the award. Future awards and fund drawdowns may be withheld if
progress reports are delinquent.

Forms for submitting financial and progress reports are available at the
NIJ Web site. Report formats will also be provided by the Office of Justice
Programs at the time of the grant award.

This information will facilitate future program planning and/or research
efforts and will allow OJP to provide the Congress and others with
measurable results of its grants.

Research Report

The final research report, due in draft form 90 days prior to the end of the
grant, should provide a comprehensive overview of the study and should
include a detailed description of the research design, data, and method; a
full presentation of scientific findings; and a thorough discussion of the
implications of the research findings for criminal justice practice and
policy.

Evaluation Report

For evaluation studies, the research report should also include a section on
Measuring Program Performance. This section should outline the
measures used to evaluate program effectiveness, modifications made to
those measures as a result of the evaluation, and recommendations
regarding these and other potential performance measures for similar
programs. (This information will be particularly valuable to NIJ and other
Federal program agencies in implementing performance measures for
federally funded criminal justice programs.)

Confidentiality of Information And Human Subject Protection

NIJ has adopted new policies and procedures regarding the confidentiality
of information and human subjects protection.

The Department of Justice (DOJ) regulations at 28 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Part 22 require recipients of NIJ research funds to
protect personally identifiable information that is collected from all
research participants. The regulations at 28 CFR Part 22 require applicants
for NIJ funding to outline specific procedures for protection of private
information about individuals as part of the Privacy Certificate submitted
with the application package.

In addition to the regulations in Part 22, DOJ has adopted policies
concerning protection of human subjects which are the same as those
established by the Department of Health and Human Services in 45 CFR
Part 46, Subpart A, also known as the "Common Rule."

The DOJ regulations are set forth in 28 CFR Part 46. In general, 28 CFR
Part 46 requires that all research involving human subjects conducted or
supported by a Federal department or agency be reviewed and approved by
an Institutional Review Board (IRB) before Federal funds are expended
for that research. If IRB approval is required for this project, a copy of the
IRB's approval as well as supporting documentation concerning the IRB's
institutional affiliation, its polices and procedures, and necessary
assurances must be submitted to the National Institute of Justice prior to
the initiation of any research activities that are not exempt from the
provisions of 28 CFR Part 46.

Further information regarding Confidentiality and Human Subjects
Protections may be found in Guidelines for Submitting Proposals for
National Institute of Justice-Sponsored Research.

Guidance and information. Applicants who wish to receive additional
guidance and information may contact the U.S. Department of Justice
Response Center at 800-421-6770. Center staff can provide assistance or
refer applicants to an appropriate NIJ professional.

Send completed forms to:

W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program
National Institute of Justice
810 Seventh Street N.W., Room 7324
Washington, DC 20531
[overnight courier Zip code 20001]

Steering Committee:

NIJ has organized a diverse group of distinguished criminal justice
scholars who have contributed their expertise in developing this
Fellowship Program and the proposal review process. The members of the
W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Steering Committee are:

Felton Earls, Chair
Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School

Vine DeLoria
Department of History
University of Colorado, Boulder

Darnell F. Hawkins
Department of Sociology
University of Illinois at Chicago

Orlando Rodriguez
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Fordham University

Katheryn K. Russell
Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice
University of Maryland, College Park

William A. Vega
Metropolitan Research and Policy Institute
University of Texas at San Antonio

Charles Wellford
Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice
University of Maryland, College Park

Cathy Spatz Widom
School of Criminal Justice
State University of New York at Albany

W.E.B. DuBois Fellows:

The first W.E.B. DuBois Fellow was Becky Tatum, Georgia State
University, The Role of Social Support on Adolescent Crime: Identifying
Race, Class and Gender Variations (2000-IJ-CX-0032), $45,343.

The 2001 Fellow is Ramiro Martinez, Florida International University,
The Impact of Immigration in Ethnic-Specific Violence: Identifying
Individual and Community Characteristics in Miami (2001-IJ-CX-0012),
$61,997.

SL 000581

For more information on the National Institute of Justice, please contact:

National Criminal Justice Reference Service
Box 6000
Rockville, MD 20849-6000
800-851-3420
e-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org

You can view or obtain an electronic version of this document from the
NCJRS Justice Information Center Web site (http://www.ncjrs.org) or the
NIJ Web site (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij).

If you have any questions, call or e-mail NCJRS.