Representations of crime and criminality are not random and unpredictable results of creative endeavors; rather, they are conceptualizations embedded within the main patterns of social relationships in a given society in a given period. The author hypothesizes that, in a somewhat cyclical fashion, at least since the inception of modernity and criminological thought in the 19th century, representations of crime and criminals have been oscillating between two different social attitudes. A sympathetic attitude toward criminals has emerged in social periods when good economic conditions, optimism, a tendency toward liberalism, and low imprisonment rates tended to prevail. In other periods, criminals were viewed instead with antipathy and portrayed as monstrous evil force threatening to undermine the very foundations of a social fabric and moral order that should be defended at all costs. In these periods of prevailing conservatism, social theorists addressed socioeconomic crises with policies of "tightening the belt" and increasing imprisonment rates and harsh penalties for law breaking. Illustrations of such oscillating attitudes in criminological thought are provided in the Italian Positive School, the Chicago school of sociology and differential association theory, the labeling theorists of the 1960's and 1970's, and the "revanche criminology" of the "crisis decades" after 1973. 135 references