An introduction highlights both the statistical characteristics of the American jail and problems that have fueled the perception that the Nation's jails are facing a profound crisis. Issues addressed include untrained and apathetic personnel, disparate inmate populations, inadequate provision of basic services, overcrowding, and the high cost of jail construction, and taxpayers' willingness to support jail improvements. A discussion of alternative programs and procedures, covering pretrial diversion, bail, and alternatives to traditional bail, assesses their impact on overcrowding, due process rights, and costs. Also explored are posttrial and postincarceration programs. The chapter on State-local and interlocal relations considers sentencing and release policies, jail standards and inspections, State subsidies, technical assistance and training, and regional jails. An analysis of the Federal role examines the rise in Federal court orders designed to bring local institutions into compliance with the Constitution and the contractual, financial, and regulatory strategies used to accomplish this goal. A summary of the research findings emphasizes the strong effect of policy decisions made at other levels of government on local jails. The report concludes with 16 recommendations aimed at alleviating many jail problems. Footnotes, tables, and witnesses' statements.