Criminological research in Western Europe rests on several theoretical models. It tends to use qualitative approaches or qualitiative approaches to which quantitative approaches are added. It also tends to focus on applied research rather than basic research. Recent studies have focused on describing juvenile deviants, identifying causes of delinquency, examining social control, and evaluating alternatives to institutionalization. Research takes place in many institutions, but has been hampered by budgetary restrictions in recent years. Future research needs to focus on informal methods of social control and on perceptions of public officials regarding juvenile delinquency. Policymakers in some European nations appear to use research to help explain their criminal policies as being scientifically based. Efforts are also underway to explore alternative ways of preventing juvenile delinquency and treating delinquents.