Factors to be considered in evaluating options for reducing overcrowding are examined, including institutional and political constraints. The effects of the courts on the correctional system are discussed, and State challenge of court-ordered change in prison conditions is examined. The utility of models for forecasting prison population, particularly in the context of policy change and demographic change, is discussed. Methods for relieving overcrowding are then delineated, including sentencing reform, early release programs, construction of new facilities, and prison privatization. Alternatives to incarceration are another option and include such programs as restitution, community service, intensive supervision, home detention, shock probation, and parole. Some State programs using these alternatives are described. An appendix provides a listing of resources and State program contacts.