The dimensions of the American correctional crisis are examined. Recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to eighth amendment guarantees are discussed, and a review is presented of research into the physical and sociological effects of prison crowding. The costs of imprisonment are assessed from fiscal, management, and policy perspectives; policy constraints affecting public officials are discussed. The remaining chapters focus on policy options, including strategies for controlling prison admissions and sentences, more effective management systems, alternatives to incarceration, and reduced sanctions. The advantages and problems associated with private sector initiatives in corrections are explored. A bibliographic essay also is included. Chapter notes and index. (Publisher abstract modified)