Yet little attention has been paid to the appropriate measurement of this variable. Researchers have not agreed on a common measure, but have used misdemeanor or felony arrests, misdemeanor or felony convictions, prison terms, or some combination of these. This paper examined the impact of various measures of prior record on sentences of male and female defendants convicted of violent and nonviolent crimes. We found that prior incarceration had a strong and consistent impact on sentence severity, but that prior arrest and prior conviction had much weaker effects. We also found that the effect of prior record on judge's decisions to sentence and incarcerate varied by gender and that the choice of a measure influenced conclusions concerning the existence and extent of gender discrimination in sentencing. (Publisher abstract)