In an effort to deal with this problem an enforcement-related jurisdictional problems, it was recommended that all police forces in areas with organized crime establish criminal intelligence units. In addition, a central intelligence bureau was established to facilitate cooperation and coordination among forces by providing a means for information sharing. In addition, formal joint force operations have been established that ensure coordination and cooperation in intelligence, resource allocation, financing, and prosecution. Permanent joint force operations have been established in the three cities with major organized crime activity and have successfully targeted a number of large crime groups. Temporary joint force operations occasionally are set up to investigate specific crime groups or criminal activities. Most large forces in Canada have criminal intelligence units that specialize in organized crime groups. Their investigations are usually proactive and often use covert activities. Through intergroup cooperation, police are having a significant impact on organized crime.