Consequently, innovations are needed in both project management and construction techniques. A multidisciplinary project team, active fron conceptual planning through commissioning, is an essential ingredient in cost reduction and construction control. In addition, contracting and construction innovations are needed. The negotiated general contract saves time by avoiding a sequential bid and award process and creates a collaborative owner-architect-contractor team. The design-build approach similarly requires a team effort on the part of the architect and the construction company. In project management approaches, a centralized manager oversees all aspects of construction. All three types of contract management share key elements of teamwork and the unification of responsibility and control. The effectiveness of these approaches can be enhanced by using standardized designs, prefabricated components, and modular construction both in structural and mechanical systems.