Domestic counterterrorism measures which are an adaptation of counterinsurgency techniques have five main elements: exceptional legislation, intelligence, pre-emptive controls, military involvement in civil disturbances, and media management. The 'exceptional' nature of legislative counterterrorism action is in its substantive alterations of criminal justice processes and the capacity for legal systems to maintain common-law values. The threat of terrorism has been used to justify the expansion of the domestic intelligence base, constituting an unparalleled capacity for internal security organizations to extend their intervention in democratic civil and political activities. Pre-emptive controls involve the criminalization of membership in organizations the state deems subversive apart from any otherwise criminal behavior. Overall, counterterrorism strategy has eroded citizen freedoms from state intervention and surveillance as the state aims to counter any suggestion of opposition to state policies. 3 notes and 26 references.