Theories about the causes of elder abuse include such factors as family dynamics and learned behavior patterns, impairment and dependency of the victim, personality traits of the abuser, continuing filial crises, internal and external stress, and attitudes toward the aged. Elder abuse may include physical and psychological abuse, negligence, financial exploitation, or violation of rights. A major step in working with and preventing elder abuse is the provision of services that support and enhance the care-giving role. Assessment requires an integration of patient and caregiver history and the results of physical examination. If abuse is suspected, the immediate danger to the victim should be asessed and hospital or shelter care provided if necessary. Other interventions include respite care, support groups and family life education for the adult child, family counseling, and provision of support services (e.g., transportation, home health aides). In some cases, legal intervention may be necessary. Social workers can function as case managers by coordinating necessary health, legal, financial, and other services. 23 notes.