Massive expenditures of public revenues have only slightly advanced our capacity to improve prevention and control programs. The lack of hard knowledge results from two main factors: (1) the continuing ambivalence over whether to punish or treat youthful lawbreakers: (2) the limited commitment of public officials to support research adequately. However, the recent literature on correctional interventions points to a clear and unequivocal policy direction favoring community-based approaches. More attention should focus on continuous case management, reintegration planning, and intensive services. Solid evidence shows that traditional large training schools and 'get-tough' approaches are expensive and counterproductive. Future research and demonstration efforts should include a rethinking of the value of neighborhood-level prevention efforts. We must also avoid seemingly easy answers that cost us little. 55 references.