Problem drinking is a complex interaction of genetic, biological, and social factors, with their contributions to the problem varying in each individual. The life stage at which the abuse occurs, as well as the duration of the abuse, has a significant impact on emotional growth and development. An integrated, developmental model can aid in understanding alcohol use, abuse, and addiction. The later in life that the abuse develops, the lower its impact on psychological development. At younger ages, abuse may aggravate existing psychological deficits by impairing the accomplishment of normal developmental stages. Likewise, social factors important in later life also may have more impact during earlier stages of development. The home environment, ethnic factors, neighborhoods, and peers all exert influence. A comprehensive treatment approach involves primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention measures might include, reducing the availability of alcohol, public information and education, treatment of alcohol potential mothers, emphasizing the ceremonial and sanctioned use of low-proof alcoholic beverages, and strengthening children's support systems. Secondary prevention requires early identification of potential problems: understanding biological markers of risk, understanding the effects of various substances on moods, and understanding the addictive process. Tertiary prevention must focus on bringing out-of-control behavior under control through inpatient or outpatient treatment and participation in self-help groups such as Adolescent Alcoholics Anonymous. 46 references. (Author abstract modified)