Since implementation of the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974, CPS has been guided by two major functions: (1) encouraging more complete reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect; and (2) initiating comprehensive assessment and the identification and provision of rehabilitative services for the familes involved. In New York state, the State Central Register (SCR) receives all reports of suspected child abuse or neglect. CPS then functions as a monitor to ensure the safety of the child and is also responsible for reviewing case progress. Environmental, policy, and operational factors affecting the dual roles as CPS are identified as: (1) reports v. cases; (2) staffing and workload issues; (3) 30-day reports; (4) public and media expectations; (5) increasing SCR responsibilities; (6) decrease in federal funds; and (7) restrictive reimbursement policies. Quantifiable measures that enhance understanding of the current environment are identified and discussed. Arguments proposed in relation to the CPS service provision question are examined. In conclusion, it appears that the role of CPS as a service provider or case planner has been reduced and a new model of CPS case practice is emerging. 10 references, 5 figures, and addendum.