The institute's main research emphases have been on penal sanctions and treatment, penal norm implementation, and cohort studies. Two articles on attitudes toward and implementation of criminal law deal with abortion, and one article examines environmental and economic crime. Four articles covering criminality and criminal careers address police-recorded criminality and criminal sanctions, criminal career escalation and specialization, and career offender recidivism. Seven articles encompassing sanctions, imprisonment, and correctional treatment consider deviant behavior and personality traits, power analysis in criminal criminal justice evaluation, subcultural integration and imprisonment, deviant inmate behavior and recidivism, discipline in juvenile prisons, drunk driver rehabilitation for first offenders, and whether crime pays. Three articles dealing with fear of crime, victimization, and hidden crime explore factors related to fear of crime, criminal victimization of foreign minorities in West Germany, and abortion. An appendix lists Max Planck Institute personnel and research reports. 746 references, 72 tables, 42 figures.