While first responders are not recommended to initiate negotiations, it may be appropriate for them to initiate contact to assess the situation and gain intelligence. During the initial contact, officers should approach the area cautiously; attempt to isolate, contain, and evaluate the situation; provide an initial report; and request additional resources. The next actions should be aimed at reducing the likelihood of additional violence by evacuating pedestrians, reassuring the subject, and attempting to calm him or her. Officers should avoid asking questions or eliciting demands and should listen carefully to the subject's responses. After containment officers should keep a log, allow the subject to speak, avoid giving orders that may escalate confrontation, minimize the seriousness of the crime, and avoid directing attention at the victim. They also should be as honest as possible, ask for clarification of the subject's statements if necessary, soften demands if possible, and not set or accept deadlines. Outsiders should not be introduced nor should an exchange of hostages be allowed. The surrender and exit process should be carefully planned, with an emphasis on safety and control issues. 4 footnotes.