The incentives employed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons to support research efforts among its mental health professionals are discussed, along with the professional benefits to those who conduct research within the Federal corrections system. Because a large percentage of inmates have mental health problems, research is needed to guide treatment and to allocate limited resources. Many gaps exist in mental health correctional research, particularly in predicting career criminals, in identifying potentially violent criminals, and in finding effective treatments. The impact of coercion on treatment must be explored, and the legal right to refuse treatment must be addressed. While research can enhance the professional development of mental health practitioners, it can also impact on treatment programs, policies, and procedures. 18 references.