One article describes the use of CCTV for preliminary arraignments in Philadelphia, and another describes a similar procedure used in Ada County, Idaho. Included in the latter article are discussions of the legal questions pertaining to the use of audio-video equipment, a description of the equipment used, arraignment procedures, and a preliminary user evaluation. Las Vegas has used CCTV for arraignment, bail reduction, and probable cause hearings since 1979. An article describes these procedures as well as their cost effectiveness. Other articles describe the use of CCTV between the jail and the central municipal court for use in misdemeanor first appearances in several California jurisdictions. A report on an evaluation of a similar procedure in Dade County, Fla., indicates that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of such a procedure. Other CCTV arraignment programs described are in Baton Rouge, La.; Pima County, Ariz.; Fairbanks, Alaska; and Oakland County, Mich.