A review of early efforts to explain criminal behavior focuses on attempts to posit crime causes in individuals: in their souls, their wills, or their bodily constitution. These theories were followed by theories which reasoned that crime causes were not rooted in individuals but in the characteristics of the socioeconomic system. Some scholars asserted that the seeds of crime were in the fabric of slum life; others reasoned that the very nature of American society was criminogenic. An examination of theoretical models that largely emerged and then gained force in the 1960's and 1970's addresses "control" theorists, who suggested that criminal behavior inevitably emerges in the absence of exposure to and the incorporation of normative values. Also discussed is labeling theory, which holds that attempts to identify and isolate offenders from society by processing them in the criminal justice system increases the risk that a criminal identity will emerge. This is followed by an examination of "conflict" or "radical" theories, which suggest that the system of capitalism induces high rates of lawlessness among both rich and poor. The concluding chapter notes a current return to the focus on the individual as the root cause of crime. Policy implications of the various theories are examined. 253 references, subject index. For individual chapters, see NCJ-118597-99.