Itinerant Federal marshals and State troopers, and police officers permanently posted in villages, provide formal law enforcement and public order services. Beginning in the 1960s, the Alaska State Trooper (AST) agency began training Natives to be village police officers, however five criticisms have plagued village forces: turnover rates, unstable funding, improper training, unclear goals, and inadequate performance. In 1979-1980, the Village Public Safety Officer (VPSO) program was established. The VPSO program sought to remedy these weaknesses by training officers in fire suppression, law enforcement, emergency medical skills, search and rescue techniques, and water safety. The funds, provided by the State legislature, are distributed under contracts with ten, Native non-profit organizations. The first evaluation of the program analyzed its technical aspects; later evaluation found the program to be marginally effective and not cost effective. Research including quantitative data on the program, evaluations from citizens and legislators, sociological descriptions, and an effectiveness analysis are necessary before the program can be improved. 11 endnotes, 51 references.