Chinese politics in recent years has been characterized by conflicts between idealists and pragmatists and by the development of a legal system that incorporates both professional and popular controls to deal with deviance. The idealists emphasize the importance of popular justice and informal controls, while the pragmatists, who are currently dominant, are more concerned with formal bureaucratic legalism. Nevertheless, the definition and control of most social deviance has been left mostly to the popular justice institutions. However, crime has risen and political factions have often been able to manipulate popular justice institutions. Thus, the Chinese experience shows that political control from the top and popular justice from the bottom must complement rather than contradict each other if order and progress are to occur. China's history also shows that political control without popular support deteriorates into a rigid and arbitrary oppressive machine that undermines efforts to mobilize the productive energies of the people.