The mixed findings suggest the theory has merit but is too general and needs to be refined to specify the conditions under which various effects are the most likely. The following realities need to be confronted by the refinement: population size is not necessarily predictive of high probabilities of all kinds of deviance, deviance is not all subculturally linked, and subcultures and subcultural involvement is not necessarily concentrated in bigger places. Strong subcultural involvement exercises great influence on behavior. 12 notes, 4 tables, 41 references, 4 appendixes. (Author abstract modified)