Surveys in 1972, 1978, and 1986 have shown that the representation of women in police departments in each population category and geographic region has increased steadily, despite Federal efforts to eliminate affirmative action programs. The barriers to the integration of women into policing include both the structural characteristics of the occupation and the work organization and the ways in which cultural mandates and behavioral norms related to gender shape the interpersonal relations in police agencies. Agency policies regarding sexual harassment, pregnancy and maternity leave, and affirmative action have also significantly influenced the recruitment and retention of female police officers and also their effectiveness on the job. The challenge for the future will be to continue and accelerate the slow pace of change so that women officers achieve actual status as well as legal status in policing. Tables and 23 references.