Rascal gangs began operating in Port Moresby around 1963 as loose groups of poor young men involved primarily in vandalism, intimidation, mutual protection, and petty theft. Functions of early gangs were to establish self-esteem and to obtain such goods as food, beer, and cash. By the late 1960's, the gangs became more permanent and engaged in more complex activities. In the 1970's, the gangs focused on robbery in residential areas, and many youth migrated to Port Moresby specifically to become rascals rather than to get a job or pursue schooling. The 1980's saw a period of gang consolidation, marked by intergang violence. Successful gangs with good business links expanded their activities into such areas as black market beer, auto theft, and the drug trade. Today, each gang is run by a king or lord who gives subordinates specific assignments. In addition to operating business to sell car parts, small appliances, electronic goods, and jewelry, gangs have expanded to include the marijuana trade, the establishment of political ties to protect their activities, and links with international gangs. One of the most serious long-term issues associated with rascal gangs is the lure of drug money in a country experiencing difficulty in the equal distribution of resources and development.