Data from the Census and Survey provide an underused source of information on the characteristics of incarcerated offenders and the facilities that house them. Despite some limitations in the data collection mechanism, the Census profiles every State-operated adult corrections facility nationwide and permits detailed comparative analyses of State-operated community corrections facilities and secure confinement facilities on both a regional and national level that have yet to be undertaken. Similarly, despite limitations in the generalizability of its findings, the Survey is the only comprehensive national periodic data collection effort of its kind, and it provides a way to track the changing characteristics of inmates in the Nation. The Census could be instrumental in detecting deficiencies and in designing programs and facilities to house the burgeoning prison population. The Survey could be useful in understanding the demographic, social, and criminal characteristics of these inmates and in planning for their needs.