Most urban jails are crowded and plagued by the myriad problems associated with crowding, and many small jails have major shortcomings. Sheriffs surveyed by the National Sheriffs' Association cite personnel as the number one problem confronting jails. This includes lack of staff training, inadequate salaries, and staff turnover. Jail conditions was the second most significant problem identified by the sheriffs. The enactment of and compliance with jail standards can improve jails. Standards developed by professional organizations such as the National Sheriffs' Association and the American Correctional Association, as well as State legislatures apply to the entire range of jail activities and facilities. Standards prepared by specialized organizations such as the American Medical Association and the American Bar Association apply in those areas of the jail's operation of particular concern to these organizations. State standards are only effective when mandatory and enforced and when localities have the financial resources to comply with standards.