In two recent decisions, the U.S. Court of Appeals held that white police officers, demoted following the 1983 election of Harold Washington as Chicago's first black mayor, have no constitutional claim against the city and that the city can continue to promote police officers on the basis of test scores that have been adjusted to take into account racial disparities. The city drafted a new promotion test in the late 1970's, after consulting with black and Hispanic police officers about what abilities the test should measure.