Correctional facilities represent high risk places for HIV transmission because of the high rates of homosexuality and intravenous drug use among inmates. Data indicate an extensive involvement of IVDUs in the criminal justice system; 87 percent of one sample reported at least one incarceration and high proportions had spent a lengthy period in correctional facilities. Few of those incarcerated had been exposed to AIDS prevention programs or received drug treatment programs during their incarceration. Those IVDUs most likely to be involved with the criminal justice system are minorities, less educated with limited occupational skills, have fewer long-term family and other relationships, and use a wider range of drugs. An examination of four specific risk behaviors -- frequency of drug injections, needle sharing, needle cleaning, and sexual activity -- indicates that those IVDUs most frequently involved with the criminal justice system are more likely to engage in the highest frequency of IV drug use. The data suggest that the criminal justice system is likely to have contact with IVDUs who are more likely to be seropositive than non-offender IVDUs. The article discusses several recent court cases that have addressed legal issues relating to AIDS and correctional facilities, namely segregation and privacy rights and screening. 4 tables, 37 references. (Author abstract modified)