This enables appropriate powers to curtail investigations into complaints which are deemed too trivial. In some parts of the country, there is a time limit, usually 12 months, within which a complaint must be reported especially if there is no allegation of a crime. In South Australia, in particular, police officers who are falsely accused can obtain justice; in England and Wales, such justice often entails a lengthy and costly process. It is suggested that false and/or malicious complaints be deemed a summary offense; in Queensland (Australia), persons who have made such complaints must explain why they should not pay for the expenses of investigation. The standard of proof is higher (beyond a reasonable doubt) for criminal charges than for disciplinary charges. In Victoria (Australia), an officer found guilty can have the charge dismissed for good conduct. Complaints in Australia are generally handled quickly and with little disruption to police functions. 5 references