The ICJ is based on the idea of resolving international disputes through disinterested third parties as an alternative to direct settlement of the dispute by violent means after diplomacy has failed. Efforts have been made by international organizations such as the United Nations and by national societies and associations to review the ICJ's role, activities, and work methods. In addition, attitudes toward the court have changed, with public officials from various countries relying on the court for the judicial solution of many types of international disputes. The history of the ICJ is reviewed as well as judge election and qualifications and the regional distribution of seats on the court. Details are provided on how the court works with emphasis on how jurisdiction is conferred, jurisdiction by unilateral declaration, provisional measures of protection, appeals, and advisory competence. Details are also given on how a case is tried and specific cases handled by the court. Appendixes contain additional information on the ICJ statute, court rules and composition, and judicial statistics. Footnotes and index of cases