They are the punishments threatened in support of the law's mandate. Examples are fines, license actions such as suspension and revocation, jail sentences, and community service. Deterrence theory posits that sanctions will be effective in modifying behavior to the extent that they are perceived as being certain, swiftly applied, and severe. This review of the literature on legal sanctions for drunk drivers finds that policies based on increasing the certainty and swiftness of punishment have more frequently been shown to have deterrent impact than policies based on increasing the severity of punishment. Policies based on severity also appear to entail greater costs in their implementation. Furthermore, the review finds that among the types of sanctions typically used for driving while intoxicated (DWI), license actions such as suspension and revocation, which are based primarily on increasing the swiftness and certainty of punishment, appear to be most effective. The evidence leads to the recommendation that deterrence-based drunk-driving countermeasures should focus on increasing the risk of detection and punishment for violators rather than increasing the severity of punishment , and that primary emphasis among the types of sanctions to be applied to drunk drivers should be given to license actions. 84 references (Author abstract)