The doctrine has been spreading internationally as it finds application in international trade and commerce. The multi-dimensional nature of the antitrust doctrine has three principal implications for combating both domestic and international antitrust crime. The first conclusion is that white-collar crime in general, and antitrust violations particularly, are determined by economic, not political, factors and can occur under any type of political regime. This implies that lessons learned from the Western experience in combating antitrust violations may be effective in combating socialist antitrust violations. Finally, international antitrust violations do not differ in their basic economic mechanisms from domestic antitrust, and preventive measures may also be comparable. The efficiency of efforts to combat these efforts to restrain competition will depend on the degree to which agencies responsible for fighting antitrust crimes are willing to benefit from the multi-dimensional nature of the antitrust doctrine. 5 notes and 5 references (Author abstract modified)