The Health Belief Model was used as a conceptual framework for measuring knowledge, intentions, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, barriers to preventive actions, and social pressures. The results revealed that adolescents' knowledge of AIDS and HIV transmission is fragmented and superficial. Serious misconceptions were found that could increase risk of exposure. Although a high percentage of students were aware of the preventive actions recommended to reduce risk of contracting HIV infection, a small group (10-15 percent) needed additional information about risk reduction practices. About 80 percent of the students feared contracting AIDS, and only about half believed that they were less likely than most people to contract AIDS. The survey also demonstrated that the students did not fully comprehend the severity of AIDS and that the students reported varying degrees of willingness to comply with risk reduction behaviors such as condom use and single sex partners. Barriers to preventive actions were identified. Recommendations are presented to increase the effectiveness of school-based HIV education. 24 references (Author abstract modified)