The article begins with a historical perspective to provide an accounting for the dualistic nature of theory and empiricism in criminology. A discussion is presented of recent observations, speculations, and criticisms regarding the current state of theory in criminology. The results of a test of the notion that there has been a decline in interest in theory and theory building are then examined. To assess the state of theory in contemporary criminology, 24 volumes of "Criminology" were analyzed. The findings indicate that empiricism is the dominant orientation and that this is not a recent development. The paper concludes with explanations for the results along with implications for the future development of criminology. 2 tables, 4 footnotes, and 55 references (Author abstract modified)