Historically, the fine has been the main alternative to imprisonment, but its use has declined as incarcerative sentences increased in recent years. In addition to custodial sentences for convicted offenders, pretrial detention and incarceration of persons who do not pay fines or comply with court orders are allowed. The English judiciary generally holds the view that imprisonment is the only penalty that shows public disapproval of serious crimes, that deters serious and repeat offenders, and that adequately protects the public from serious crime. The current conservative government supports this view, while simultaneously seeking other alternatives for certain offenders. The 130 correctional institutions are organized into four regions, with the Home Office ultimately responsible. Courts have generally not intervened in corrections management. Current issues include racial discrimination, prisoners' rights and grievances discipline and security, inmate health care, and other inmate programs. Reform proposals focus on alternatives to incarceration and on establishing minimum correctional standards that are legally enforceable. Footnote, tables, and 33 references