The opening paper reviews international efforts to monitor and control precursors and essential chemicals that are used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The thrust of international efforts is to prevent the diversion of these chemicals to the illicit market. The second paper examines patterns and trends in the increased shipment of Southwest Asian heroin through Turkey into Europe from 1986 through the first half of 1991 as well as measures taken to counter this trafficking. A paper on "Drug Trafficking in the American Region -- 1990-1991" was presented by the ICPO-Interpol Drugs Liaison Officer for South America at the 12th American Regional Conference. The paper summarizes cocaine trafficking in Europe, describes the routes used to smuggle cocaine from source South American countries (primarily Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia) to the markets, and reviews recent international efforts to counter cocaine trafficking. A country report on Myanmar was originally presented by the Myanmar Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs at the Meeting of Senior Officials on Drug Abuse in Asia and the Pacific, February 13-15, 1991, in Tokyo. The paper reviews the historical background of drug abuse in Myanmar and measures taken to reduce supply and demand. For individual papers, see NCJ 134992-95.